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A  Comparative  Scheme  of  the  Moods 

and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations 

from  the  Greek 


BY 

CHARLES  HENRY  SAYLOR 


&  SDtesttrtation 


SUBMITTED  TO    THE  BOARD  OP    UNIVERSITY    STUDIES  OF    THE  JOHNS    HOPKINS   UNIVERSITY 

IN  CONFORMITY   WITH  THE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  THE  DEGREE 

OP  DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY 

1907 


BALTIMORE 

J.    H.    FURST    COMPANY 

1911 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 

Microsoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/comparativeschemOOsaylrich 


A  Comparative  Scheme  of  the  Moods 

and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations 

from  the  Greek 


BY 

CHARLES   HENRY   SAYLOR 


a  HDtstfertation 


SUBMITTED  TO    THE  BOARD  OF    UNIVERSITY    STUDIES  OP    THE  JOHNS    HOPKINS   UNIVERSITY 

IN  CONFORMITY   WITH  THE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  THE  DEGREK 

OF  DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY 

1907 


BALTIMORE 

J.    H.    FURST    COMPANY 

1911 


A  COMPARATIVE  SCHEME  OF  THE  MOODS 
AND  TENSES  IN  CICERO'S  TRANSLA- 
TIONS FROM  THE  GREEK. 


This  work  purports  to  be  a  scheme  of  the  moods  and  tenses 
in  Cicero's  translations  from  the  Greek,  as  compared  with  the 
moods  and  tenses  in  his  originals.  Accordingly,  those  originals 
have  been  collected  and  examined,  and  the  syntactical  phenomena 
in  question  arranged  according  to  the  usual  categories.  With 
each  mood  and  tense  as  thus  classified  have  been  compared  the 
representatives  of  it,  more  or  less  exact,  which  appear  in  Cicero's 
translations. 

The  translations  of  Cicero,  as  distinguished  from  his  original 
writings,  are  usually  printed  as  an  appendix  in  the  standard 
editions.  The  edition  of  Baiter  and  Kayser  has  perhaps  the 
most  complete  list,  though  a  search  through  the  entire  Ciceronian 
corpus  reveals  a  few  more  passages  which  appear  to  have  been 
translated  from  extant  originals.  At  this  point,  two  questions 
are  to  be  considered ;  first,  to  what  extent  do  the  parallel  passages 
in  Greek  authors  cited  by  the  commentators  represent  Cicero's 
originals,  and  second,  what  are  we  to  call  the  Ciceronian  norm  of 
translation.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  answer  to  the  first  question 
depends  very  largely  upon  our  answer  to  the  second.  From 
Cicero's  own  words  little  or  no  information  can  be  gained  as 
to  what  degree  of  exactness  he  considered  a  translation  ought  to 
possess ;  and  hence  it  has  seemed  expedient  to  note  the  general 
character  of  the  translations  so  far  as  closeness  of  rendering  is 
concerned,  and  in  the  absence  of  direct  testimony  from  Cicero 
himself  to  adopt  as  an  original  whatever  Greek  passage  is  close 
enough  to  a  Ciceronian  passage  to  give  an  opportunity  for 
syntactical  comparison.  Some  of  Cicero's  translations  so-called, 
notably  those  from  Plato,  Apology  (41a  sqq.)  and  the  Republic 
(5 6 2d  and  571e-572b)  are  almost  useless  for  such  a  purpose, 
being  little  more  than  loose  summaries ;   while  his  translations 

1 

222275 


2         Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's   Translations  from  the  Greek. 

from  the  Laws  (955e-956b  and  958e)  are  as  exact  as  could  be 
desired.  The  translation  of  the  close  of  the  Phaedrus  (279b),  as 
given  in  Orator  41  is,  on  the  other  hand,  almost  literal.  Of 
course,  the  great  sources  of  material  for  this  paper  have  been  the 
fragments  of  the  Timaeus  and  of  the  Aratea.  The  first  is  an 
excellent  literary  translation,  and  has  lent  itself  very  readily  to 
comparison  with  the  original  Timaeus  of  Plato ;  the  second, 
though  naturally  free,  as  we  should  expect  in  the  case  of  a 
poetical  translation,  offers  also  a  good  field  for  investigation, 
except  in  a  few  passages.  I  have  not  hesitated  also  to  include  in 
my  material  a  number  of  translations  which  are  given  by  Cicero 
in  0.  0.,  since  they  afford  a  good  opportunity  for  comparison 
with  the  original  O.  R.  In  all,  the  bulk  of  Greek  of  which  we 
have  translations  by  Cicero  amounts  to  about  45  Teubner  pages, 
divided  pretty  equally  between  prose  and  verse.  I  have  felt 
obliged  to  exclude  the  renderings  from  Xenophon's  Oeconomicus 
as  given  in  Columella,  since  it  is  impossible  to  decide  how  much, 
if  any,  of  the  text  really  goes  back  to  Cicero  ;  though  these 
passages  would  have  been  a  welcome  addition  to  my  scanty  stock 
of  material. 

Plan. — The  first  part  of  this  paper  treats  of  the  Moods.  Each 
mood  of  the  Greek  is  taken  up  in  order,  and  the  Latin  moods  in 
the  parallel  passages  compared  with  it,  under  the  heads  of  Direct 
Coincidences,  Indirect  Coincidences,  Idiomatic  Divergences,  and 
Divergences  Due  to  Translation.  The  direct  coincidences  are 
dismissed  without  giving  the  examples ;  the  other  categories  have 
the  examples  given  fully  in  most  cases.  In  the  second  part  of 
the  paper  the  Tenses  are  taken  up  in  much  the  same  way;  the 
Indicative  Tenses  first,  the  Modal  Tenses  next.  In  order,  how- 
ever, to  avoid  multiplication  of  categories,  no  separate  divisions 
have  been  made  in  this  part  for  divergences  due  to  idiom  and 
for  those  due  to  translation ;  but  the  divergences  for  each  tense 
have  been  put  under  one  general  head,  with  such  running  com- 
ment as  seemed  necessary.  In  this  way,  it  is  believed,  a  clearer 
view  of  the  facts  presented  will  be  obtained.  With  each  category 
the  number  of  examples  will  be  given;  it  must  however  be 
remembered  that  in  every  discussion  of  translation  there  is  con- 


Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek.        3 

siderable  room  for  the  exercise  of  individual  judgment,  and  that 
what  might  seem  to  one  person  an  adequate  translation  might 
not  seem  so  to  another,  and  vice  versa.  Hence  the  number  of 
examples  given  in  each  case  must  be  taken  with  some  degree  of 
qualification. 

Abbreviations,  etc. — In  quoting  examples  from  Cicero,  reference 
will  be  made  to  the  passage  in  question  without  giving  the  name 
of  the  author,  thus  Div.  2,  63  for  Cic.  Div.  2,  63.  A  similar 
practice  will  be  followed  in  quoting  from  the  Timaeus  of  Plato 
and  from  the  Phaenomena  and  the  Prognostics  of  Aratus.  All 
other  references  will  be  given  in  the  usual  way.  It  must  be 
added,  that  in  quoting  from  Cicero's  Aratea,  the  lines  will  be 
referred  to  by  the  numbers  they  bear  when  printed  with  the 
supplementa  of  Grotius.  Thus,  Nat.  De.  2,  108,  Engonasin 
vocitant,  genibus  quia  nixa  feratur,  will  be  quoted  as  Ph.  68 ;  and 
Div.  1,  14,  Cana  fulix  itidem,  fugiens  e  gurgite  ponti,  will  appear 
as  Prog.  184.    This  method,  it  is  believed,  will  facilitate  reference. 


THE  MOODS. 
Indicative   [0.  R.~\ 


Coincidences. — In  principal  clauses,  569  exx. ;  in  subordi- 
nate clauses,  125. 

IDIOMATIC    DIVERGENCES. 

A.  In  principal  clauses,  no  exx. 

B.  In  subordinate  clauses,  43  exx.,  divided  as  follows : 

I.    Relative  clauses.     Indie.  = 

1.  Subjunctive  potential,  ideal  2d  person.  1  ex.  Arist.  Pol. 
5,  11  to  a)?  fiovXerai  t*?  £r}v.     Off.  1,  70  sic  vivere  ut  velis. 

2.  Subj.  due  either  to  dependence  on  a  preceding  infinitive  or 
subjunctive,  or  to  the  element  of  Character  or  Adaptation.  17  exx. 
They  need  not  be  given  in  full ;  let  the  following  suffice.    PI.  Ap. 


4         Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek. 

41a  aXkoi  octol — Bbcaiou  eyevovTo.  Tusc.  1,  98  Tene — convenire 
eos,  qui  iuste  et  cum  fide  vixerint.  Tim.  39b  ra  %cpa,  ocrot?  rjv 
7rpoarjfcov.  Tim.  9  ut — conluceret  animantesque,  quibus  ius  esset 
doceri, — naturam  vimque  cognosceret.  Eur.  Hyp.  frg.  757  Dind. 
i(f>v  fiev  ovBeh  octtis  ov  irovel  fipoTwv.  Tusc.  3,  59  mortalis  nemo 
est  quern  non  attingat  dolor  morbusque.  Similarly,  Tim.  30a,  Tim. 
3;  ibid.,  39d-9;  40c-10;  42d-13  ;  42e-13;  46d-14  ;  PL  Eep. 
328e,  Cato  6  ;  PL  Rep.  571c,  Div.  1,  60;  PL  Legg.  653a,  Fin. 
5,  58  ;  PL  Legg.  958e;  Legg.  2,  67  (3  exx.) ;  PL  Phaedrus  245e, 
Tusc.  1,  54. 

II.  Protasis  of  an  unreal  condition.     Indie.  == 

1.  Subj.  in  historical  tenses.  6  exx.  Eur.  frg.  818  Dind.  el 
fiev  t6B}  rjfJLap  irp&TOV  r)v — /cat  fir) — ivavaroXovv,  el/cbs  acfyaBa^eiv 
rjv  av,  Tusc.  3,  67  si — primum  illuxisset  dies,  nee — navigavissem, 
— esset  dolendi  causa.  Epicurus  ap.  Diog.  Laert.  10,  142  el  ra 
ironf)TLKa — e\ve  row  <fi6fiovs, — en  re  to  irepas — iBiBaafcev,  ovk 
av  wot'  eexopev.  Tusc.  2,  21  Si  ea — liberarent  eos — doeerent- 
que, — nihil  haberemus.  PL  Phaedrus  250d  Betvovs  yap  av 
Ttapelyev  epayTas,  ei  tl  tolovtov — elBcoXov  Trapeze™.  Fin.  2,  52 
quam — ardentis  amores  excitaret, — si  videretur.  Tim.  32a  a 
fiev  ovv  eirlireBov  fiev,  fidOo?  Be  firjBev  eypv  eBei  yiyveadai  to 
tov  nravTos  aco/ia,  fiia  fiecroTn*;  av  e%r)picei.  Tim.  5  Si — corpus 
planum  et  aequabile  explicaretur  neque  in  eo  quicquam  esset 
-j-  requisitum,  unum — medium  et  se  ipsum  et  ea — conligaret. 

III.  Temporal  clauses.     Indie.  = 

1.  Subj.  with  cum  historical.  3  exx.  Tim.  36d  e7rel  Be 
KaTa  vovv — r) — $jvo-Tao~i<;  eyeyevrjTO,  ueTa  tovto — to  acofiaToetBes 
— eTCKTalveTO.  Tim.  8  Animum — cum — deus — genuisset,  turn — 
omne — substernebat.  Xen.  Oec.  4,  20  XeyeTai — otc  r)\6ev, — 
aXka  Te  <\>Cko$povel(r6ai.  Cato  59  Cyrum — cum — venisset — 
comem — fuisse.  Xen,  Oec.  4,  21  iwel  Be  iOavfia&v  avTov  6 
AvaavBpos, — elirev.  Cato  59  Cum  autem  admiraretur  Lysander 
— turn  eum  dixisse. 


Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero9 8  Translations  from  the  Greek.         5 

IV.  Consecutive  clauses.  Indie.  =  subj.  final.  1  ex.  Tim. 
29d  ayairav  XPV)  yejxvn^evov  (w? — iyco  v/JLeis  re  ol  /cptral  fyvcnv 
av6 pair lvwv  e^pixeVj  (bare — irperret — ixr^hev  ere  irepa  Zwrelv.  Tim. 
3  aequum  est  meminisse  et  me — hominem  esse  et  vos, — ut — ne 
quid  ultra  requiratis. 

V.  Indirect  questions.  Ind.  =  subj.  15  exx.  Among  the 
exx.  are  included  also  those  of  the  optative  as  representative  of 
the  indie,  after  historical  tenses.  Horn.  II.  2,  300  Sa&fiev  t)  erebv 
KaX%a?  fiavreveTcu  rje  teal  ovyL.  Div.  2,  63  scire  ratosne  habeant 
an  vanos  pectoris  orsus.  Tim.  28c  eiriaKeirreov  nrepl  avrov  Trpbs 
irorepov  rcov  irapoo-eiyp,dT(av  6  Te/craivo/JLevo?  clvtov  aireipyd^eTO. 
Tim.  2  videndum,  ille  fabricator  huius  tanti  operis  utrum  sit 
imitatus  exemplar.  Tim.  28b  <tk€.itt4qv  &ovv  irepi  avrov  irp&Tov, 
oirep  viroKelraL  irepl  7ravTos  ev  apyri  o^lv  aKoirelv,  irorepov  rjv 
aeC,  yeveaecos  apxvv  ^X<DV  ovSefiLav  fj  yeyovev.  Tim.  2  de  quo 
id  primum  consideremus,  quod  principio  est  in  omni  quaestione 
considerandum,  semperne  fuerit,  nullo  generatus  ortu,  an  ortus 
sit  ab  aliquo  temporis  principatu.  Similarly,  Tim.  29d,  Tim.  3  ; 
ibid.  30c,  3  ;  37b,  8  ;  38d,  9  ;  40c,  10  (4  exx.)  ;  PI.  Ap.  42a, 
Tusc.  1,  99  j  PL  Gorg.  447c,  De  Or.  3,  129;  Soph.  Trach.  1068, 
Tusc.  2,  20  ;  Sext.  Emp.  adv.  Math.  2,  7,  Or.  113. 

DIVERGENCES   DUE   TO   TRANSLATION. 

Under  this  head  are  grouped  those  divergences  which  are  due 
to  causes  not  strictly  grammatical ;  e.  g.  to  the  restrictions  of 
metre,  to  the  effort  for  rhetorical  effect,  to  the  individual  caprice 
of  the  translator,  etc. 

A.    In  Principal  Clauses 

Indicative  == 

1.  Potential  subjunctive.  3  exx.  PL  Ap.  41a  iyco  fxev  yap 
TroWdicis  0e\ca  reOvdvau,  el  ravr'  ecrrlv  aXrjOr}.  Tusc.  1,  98 
equidem  saepe  emori — vellem,  ut  ea  quae  dico  mihi  liceret  invenire. 
PL  Ap.  41c  TrdvTcos  ov  Stjttov  tovtov  ye  eve/ca  ol  i/cel  airoKreiv- 


6         Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek, 

ovat.  Tusc.  1,  98  nee  ob  earn  rem,  cum  haec  exquirerem, — 
capite  damnarer.  Ph.  58-59  vevovTi  Be  Trdpnrav  eoacev  dicpnv  eh 
'FiXUns  ovprjv.     Ph.  60—61  obtutum  in  cauda  maioris  figere  dieas. 

2.  Imperative  subjunctive.  1  ex.  PI.  Ap.  41c  XPV, — 
eveXwiBa?  elvai  nrpbs  tov  Odvarov.  Tusc.  1,  98  ne  vos  quidem 
— mortem  timueritis.  For  some  remarks  on  this  translation  see 
Am.  Jour.  Ph.,  xv,  320-321. 

3.  Subj.  due  to  0.  0.  Cicero  translates  obliquely  in  a  number 
of  cases.  3  exx.  Tim.  46d  Xoyov  Be  ovBeva  ovBe  vovv  eh  ovBev 
hvvara  ex€LV  €(7Tt'  Tim.  14  esse  omnium  causas,  quae — careant 
autem  omni  intelligentia  atque  ratione.  Epicurus  ap.  Diog. 
Laert.  10,  139  e&oV  ovt*  bpyah  ovre  ^apiai  a-we^ercM.  ev  do~6evel 
yap  irav  to  toiovtov.  Nat.  De.  1,  45  neque  ira  neque  gratia 
teneri,  quod  quae  talia  essent  imbecilla  essent  omnia.  Ph.  66-67 
'JLyyovaaiv  /caXeovcri  to  B'avT'  ev  yovvaci  /cdfivov  o/cXd&VTi 
eoi/cev.    Ph.  68  Engonasin  vocitant  genibus  quia  nixa  feratur. 

4.  Subj.  with  cum  historical.  2  exx.  Horn.  II.  2,  314  evd9  6 
ye  tois  eXeeivd  KaTTJaOte  TeTpiya>Ta$.  Div.  2,  63  quos  cum  con- 
sumer et  octo.  Tim.  36c  teal  top  fiev  e^co,  tov  By  ivTos  eiroielTo 
tS)v  /cvkXcov.  Tim.  7  cum  alterum  esset  exteriorem,  alterum 
interiorem  amplexus  orbem. 

5.  Subj.  with  cum  causal.  2  exx.  Tim.  32b  o-TepeoeiSrj  yap 
avTov  7rpocrrj/cev  elvai,  to  he  crTepea  p,ia  \iev  ovBerroTe,  Bvo  Be  del 
/AeaoTWTes  ^vvapfxoTTovcnv.  Tim.  5  sed  cum  soliditas  mundo  quae- 
rereter,  solida  autem  omnia  uno  medio  nunquam,  duobus  semper 
copulentur.  Tim.  33c  avTo  yap  eavTco  Tpocfyrjv  ttjv  eavTOv 
<f>6lo~iv    irape^pv    koX    irdvTa    ev   eavTW   zeal    vjS    eavTOv    irdcrytov 

Kal  Bpwv  eic  Teyyns  yeyovev.    Tim.  33c  itaque  se alebat, — cum 

ipse  per  se  et  a  se  pateretur  et  faceret  omnia. 

6.  Subj.    in  a  consecutive  clause.     6  exx.     The  translations 

under  this  head  are  exceedingly  free.     Ph.  427-428  at  /ce 

fiopeco  Be  TrapaTpeyfrrj  dve/juov  h, — irdXiv  ea-Ke^ravTO  dXXrjXovs. 
Ph.  443-446  perfringet — malos,  ut  res  nulla  feras  possit  mulcere 
procellas,  ni  parte  ex  Aquilonis  opacam  pellere  nubem  coeperit. 
PI.  Rp.   562d-e  dp9  ov/c  dvdy/crj  ev    ToiavTrj  iroXei   €7rl   irav   to 


Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek.         7 

Trj?  iXevOepias  levai ;  Rp.  1,  67  mactant  honoribus — ut  necesse 
sit  in  eiusmodi  re  publica  plena  libertatis  esse  omnia.  Similarly, 
PL  Rep.  571c-d  b/cvel,  Div.  1,  60,  videatur;  Soph.  frg.  964 
Dind.  Opovhd  /cal  /ca\a>$  elpy/neva.  Tusc.  3.  71  dicta  et  prae- 
cepta  excidant ;  Horn.  Od.  12,  188  velrai,  Fin.  5,  49  perve7ierit. 
Tim.  33a  &a  t^v  alrlav — ire/cTrjvaTo.  Tim.  5  rationem  habuit — 
ut  absolveret. 

7.  Participle.  26  exx.  Ph.  305  r\  toi  yap  fieya  rogov 
aviX/cerai  iyyvdi  icevrpov  Tofeimj?.  Ph.  318  posteriore  trahens 
flexum  vi  corporis  arcum.  PI.  596  ov  fiev  6nv  oXlyovs  yatr)<; 
vtto  veiara  jSaXXei  Hapdevos  avreXXovaa.  Ph.  625-626  non 
pauca  e  caelo  depellens  signa,  repente  exoritur — Virgo.     Horn.  II. 

3,  213  MeveXaos — dyopevev.     Brut.    50    tradit — Menelaum 

dicentem.     Similarly  Ph.  58,  Ph.  60  ;  ibid.  317,  334;  329,  353 
341,368;  355,360;  438,454;  444,459;  445,460;  446,461 
481,499;  508,528;  532,551;  542,562;  601,643;  649,689 
653,  694;  670,  710.     Prog.  221,  Prog.  223;  ibid.  319,  322- 
324 ;  Horn.  II.  2,  306  ;  Div.  2,  63  ;  Tim.  39c,  Tim.  9  ;  Phil.,  p. 
72,  Nat.  De.  1,  32  ;  Arist.  Rh.  3,  8,  De  Or.  3,  183. 

8.  Infinitive  O.O.  37  exx.  Diog.  Laert.  10,  144  fipax&a 
o-o<j)(p  Tvxn  irapefjLTriTrrei.  Tusc.  5,  26  fortunam  exiguam  inter- 
venire  sapienti.  Tim.  40e  7rai8es  'Xl/ceai/o?  tc  /cat,  TwOvs  iyeveadnv. 
Tim.  11  Oceanum  Salaciamque — generatos  editosque  memoremus. 
Ph.  268-270  /cal  %e\t>9  rjr'  bXiyn  •  ttjv  yap  ry  en  /cal  irapa 
Xl/cvcp  fE/o/xeto?  iropna-e — /caS  8*  eOero  irpoirdpoiOev  ctTrevOeos 
€l8(o\olo  ovpavov  h<rayayd)v.  Ph.  277-278  Mercurius  parvus 
manibus  quam  dicitur  olim  infirmis  fabricatus  in  alto  sede  locasse. 

Oec.    4,    21    /cal    ravra    davfid^oav    elirev,   'AW pev    ravra 

dav fiasco, 7ro\v  Se   /jlcLXXov  dya/jbat.      Cato   59   turn  eum 

dixisse  mirari  se  non  modo  diligentiam,  etc.  Similarly  Diog. 
Laert.  9,  2,  Tusc.  5,  105;  Diog.  Laert,  10,  148,  Fin.  1,  65; 
ibid.  10,  140,  1,  57;  10,  139,  2,  100  (3  exx.)  and  Nat.  De.  1, 
45  ;  Diog.  Laert.  10, 144,  Fin.  1,  63  ;  PI.  Rep.  562d,  Rep.  1,  67  ; 
Xen.  Oec.  4,  23,  Cato  59  ;  Arist.  H.  A.  9,  10,  Nat.  De.  2,  124 
(2  exx.);  Plut.  Sol.  31,  Cato  26;  Plut.  Cons,  ad  Ap.  113e,  Tusc. 
1,  93  ;  Isoc.  Panath.  2,  Or.  38  ;  Isoc.  Panath.  10,  De  Or.  2,  11  : 


8        Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek. 

Dem.  Cor.  232;  Or.  27;  PL  Epin.  992a,  De  Or.  3,  21  j  Horn.  II. 
9,  438,  De  Or.  3,  57 ;  Arist.  Ach.  530,  Or.  29  ;  Suidas  v. 
tyopos,  Brut.  204. 

B.    In  Subordinate  Glauses. 

I.    Relative  clauses.     Indie.  = 

1.  Subj.  O.  O.  4  exx.,  of  which  the  last  2  are  due  to  an  indi- 
rect question.  Diog.  Laert.  10,  148  wv  r\  ao<f>ia  irapaa-Kevd^erai 
eh  tt]v  rov  o\ov  ftiov  pa/cap LOTnra.  Fin.  1,  65  Dicit  omnium 
rerum  quas  ad  beate  vivendum  sapientia  comparaverit,  nihil  esse 

maius   amicitia.     Diog.   Laert.    9,   2    afyov   'E</>eo-tW airo- 

Oavelv — oiTives  'ILppoScopov — el-efiaXov  Xeyovres.  Tusc.  5,  105 
ait  Ephesios  esse  morte  multandos,  quod  cum  civitate  expellerent 
Hermodorum,  ita  locuti  sint.  Tim.  41b  o  \eyay — fidOere.  Tim. 
11  quid  sentiam, — cognoscite.  PI.  Phaedrus  278e  6  fievroi, 
fjLavrevo/jLat,  /car  avrov,  Xeyeuv  eOeXco.  Or.  41  quid  de  illo 
augurer,  lubet  dicere. 

2.  Subj.  consecutive.  1  ex.  Diog.  Laert.  7,  107  6  irpa^Oev 
evXoyov  airoXoyiav  e%et.  Fin.  3,  58  quod  ita  factum  est,  ut  eius 
facti  probabilis  ratio  reddi  possit. 

3.  Participle.  3  exx.  Ph.  97  rj  p  evl  %e/?crl  fyepei  *2rd%vv 
cuyXrjevTa.  Ph.  101  spicum  inlustre  tenens,  splendenti  cor- 
pore  Virgo.  Ph.  662-663  /cal  dnpiov  6  p  evl  %«/ot  Begirepy 
Kevravpos  e%ei.  Ph.  704  simul  cum  lumine  pandit  ipse  feram 
dextra  retinens.  Tim.  46e  epyov,  Si  o  6ebs  aW  tj/jlcv  BeScopwrai, 
fiera  rovro  prjreov.  Tim.  14  maxima  utilitas  donata  hominum 
generi  deorum  munere  deinceps  explicetur. 

4.  Infinitive  of  exclamation,  lex.  Soph.  Trach.  1071-1072 
octtis  ware  TlapOevos  /3e/3pvxa.  Tusc.  2,  21  heu  !  virginalem  me 
ore  ploratum  edere. 

II.    Protasis  logical  condition.     Indie.  = 

1.  Subj.  final.  2  exx.  Tim.  41c  Bel  Be  el  fieXXei  reXeos  l/cavco? 
elvai.  Tim.  11  teneat  autem  oportebit,  ut  ex  eodem  ne  quid  absit. 
PL  Ap.  41a  iyco  /xev  yap  iroXXaK^  6eXco  reOvdvcu,  el  ravr  early 


Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek.         9 

0X7)61).     Tusc.  1,   98  saepe    emori — vellem,  ut    ea — mihi  lieeret 
invenire. 

2.  Imperative.  1  ex.  PI.  Ap.  40e-41a  el  <ydp  rt?  afyaconevos 
€t?  "AtSof — evprjcret,  rovs  ft)?  aXr/Ocos  hiKaard^.  Tusc.  1,  98 
tene — ad  eos  venire,  qui  vero  indices  appellentur. 

3.  Participle.  1  ex.  PL  Ap.  ottotc  Ivrvyonii  HaXa/JLrjSei,  koX 
Aiavn — teal  ei  rt?  aXXo? — 81a  Kpiaw  ahucov  reOvrjicev.     Tusc.  1, 

98  Cum  Palamedem,  cum  Aiacem,  cum  alios  iudicio  iniquo  cir- 
cumventos  convenirem. 

III.    Consecutive  clause.     Ind.  = 

1.  Infinitive  O.  O.  1  ex.  Diog.  Laert.  10,  139  ware  ovre 
opyals  ovre  x^PC(Tl  ovvexercu.  Nat.  De.  1,  45  itaque  neque  ira 
neque  gratia  teneri. 

Indicative  in  O.  O. 

Under  this  head  is  included  also  the  optative  due  to  the 
historical  sequence,  and  representing  an  original  indicative.  It 
happens  that  the  nature  of  the  translations  under  this  head  is 
such  that  no  division  into  principal  and  subordinate  clauses  is 
necessary. 

INDIRECT  COINCIDENCES. 

This  category  consists  of  those  cases  in  which  the  O.  O.  of  the 
Greek  is  represented  in  translation  by  the  O.  R.  of  the  Latin, 
that  is,  indie,  or  opt.  due  to  sequence,  =  indie.  This  phenomenon 
is  of  fairly  frequent  occurrence;  18  exx.  as  compared  with  20 
where  some  O.  O.  construction  is  used  in  translation.  In  view 
of  the  limitations  of  the  Latin  in  O.  O.,  such  a  thing  is  not  extra- 
ordinary, in  cases  where  an  exact  translation  is  sought  for.  Not 
all  the  examples,  however,  are  such  translations. 

PL  Ap.  40c    ivvofjacQ/jLev — o>?    7ro\\r)    i\7rfc    iariv.     Tusc.   1, 

99  magna  me  spes  tenet.  Tim.  33a  Karavocdv,  o>?  ^vardra) 
(Tco/jLart  Oepjua  /cal  '^rvj^pa  fcal  irdvO'  ocra  SiW/z-et?  MP)(VpaS  k^ei 
7repua-TdfjLeva  e^coOev  kclI  irpodiriirovTa  hicaipm  Xvei  /cai  voo-ovs 
yrjpds  re  iirdyovra  fyOlveiv  irouel.     Tim.  5  omnis  enim  coagmen- 


10      Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero' 's  Translations  from  the  Greek, 

tatio  corporis  vi  caloris  vel  frigoris  vel  aliqna  impulsione  vehe- 
menti  labefactatur  et  frangitur  et  ad  morbos  senectutemque  com- 
pellitur.  Similarly  the  long  passage  Tim.  41e-42d,  Tim.  12 ; 
also  PL  Rep.  563d,  Rep.  1,  67  ;  Rep.  572a,  Div.  1,  61. 

IDIOMATIC   DIVERGENCES. 

Indie,  [opt.  due  to  sequence]  = 

1.  Inf.     16  exx.     This  is  of  course  regular, 

2.  Subj.  with  ut.  1  ex.  This  passage  is  famous.  Diog. 
Laert.  9,  51  ov/c  e%a>  elhevai  ov07  a>?  elalv  ovd'  <w?  ov/c  elalv. 
Nat.  De.  1,  63  neque  ut  sint  neque  ut  non  sint,  habeo  dicere. 

The  question  among  commentators  seems  to  be  whether  Cicero 
deliberately  violated  the  Latin  idiom  in  order  to  produce  the 
effect  of  a  a>?-clause  in  O.  O.  This  is  the  view  of  Schomann  ad 
loc.  Draeger,  Hist.  Synt.  2,  408,  calls  the  construction  "ganz 
vereinzelt."  Ronsch,  Itala  und  Vulgata,  p.  445,  dismisses  such 
constructions  as  Grecisms,  though  he  does  not  specifically  men- 
tion this  example.  Schmalz,  Lat.  Synt.  u.  Stil,  p.  406,  considers 
the  use  of  ut  and  subj.  after  verbs  of  saying  and  thinking  to  be  an 
extension  of  the  ^-explanatory  construction.  May  en  [De  Parti- 
culis,  Quod,  Quoniam,  Quomodo,  Ut  pro  Ace.  et  Inf.  post  Verba 
Sentiendi  et  Declarandi  Positis ;  Kiel,  1889]  p.  61,  calls  atten- 
tion to  the  fact  that  Cicero  in  such  constructions  always  lets  the 
w^-clause  precede. 

DIVERGENCES   DUE    TO   TRANSLATION. 

Indie,  [opt.  of  sequence]  = 

1.  Subj.  due  to  attraction.     1  ex.     Tim.  42a  et7rez>  on to 

fcpetTTOv  tolovtov  civ  76^0?  o fC€/c\rjo~OLTO  avrjp.     Tim.  12  Sic  se 

res  habet  ut  praestantius  genus  esset  eorum,  qui  essent  futuri  viri. 

2.  Subj.  in  quin-clause.  1  ex.  Tim.  29a  o~a<f>h  on  [efiXewev] 
7T/30?  to  ai'Scov.  Tim.  2  non  igitur  dubium  quin  aeternitatem 
maluerit  exsequi. 


Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero7 s  Translations  from  the  Greek.       11 
Indicative  with  "AN. 

IDIOMATIC   DIVERGENCES. 

Historical  tenses  of  indie.  —  historical  tenses  of  subj.  7  exx. 
Since  such  translations  are  perfectly  regular,  only  one  ex.  need  be 
given.  PI.  Rep.  330a  ameicpivaTO  on  ovt  av  avrbs  ^epfytos  cov 
6v6fiaaT0<;  iyevero,  ovt'  i/ceivo?  'AOrjvalos.  Cato  8.  Nee — si  ego 
Seriphius  essem,  nee  tu,  si  Atheniensis  clarus  unquam  fuisses. 
Similarly,  Eur.  frg.  818  Dind.,  Tusc.  3.  67  j  Diog.  Laert.  10, 
142,  Fin.  2,  21;  PL  Phaedrus,  250d,  Fin.  2,  52;  Tim.  32a, 
Tim.  5 ;  ibid.,  47a,  14  ;   34c,  6. 

SUBJUNCTIVE   MOOD. 

Imperative  Subjunctive. 

coincidences. 
Three  exx. 

INDIRECT   COINCIDENCES. 

In  the  2  exx.  under  this  head  the  subj.  of  the  Greek  is  delib- 
erative [in  one  it  is  an  opt.  due  to  hist.  seq.  representing  an 
original  subj.]  and  becomes  in  the  Latin  a  characteristic  subj. 
Diog.  Laert.  10,  6  ov  yap  eycoye  e^w  rt  vorjaco  rayaOov.  Tusc. 
3,  41  non  equidem  habes  quod  intellegam  bonum  illud.  Diog. 
Laert.  10,  142  ov/c  av  7ror'  el'^o/zei/  6  ri  (xefi-^raC^eOa.  Fin.  2,  21 
nihil  haberemus  quod  reprehenderemus. 

IDIOMATIC   DIVERGENCES. 

Subj.  =  future  ind.  1  ex.  Xen.  Cyr.  8,  7,  22  fir)7roTJ  a<rej3e<} 
fi7)8ev  /JL7]8e  avoGiov  fjLrjTe  Troirj<T7)Te  ixrjTe  ftovXevcrrjTe.  Cato  81 
memoriam  nostri  pie  inviolateque  servabitis. 


12       Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek, 

DIVERGENCES    DUE   TO   TRANSLATION. 

Subj.  =  ind.  1  ex.  Tim.  29c  firj  Oavfidar)^.  Tim.  3  hand 
sane  erit  mirum. 

Subjunctive  with  "AN. 

Under  this  head  are  included  general  relative,  temporal,  and 
conditional  clauses.  The  opt.  due  to  sequence  belongs  here ; 
only,  of  course,  when  it  represents  an  original  subj.  with  av. 

INDIRECT    COINCIDENCES. 

Subj.  =  1.  Subj.  ideal  condition.  4  exx.  Aesch.  Prom.  Vinct. 
379  lav  Tt?  iv  Kaipw  ye  fia\6daarj  /ceap}  /cal  fir)  o-<f>vBa)VTa  Ovfibv 
IcTXvaivr)  Blq.  Tusc.  3,  76  si  quidem  qui  tempestivam  medicinam 
admovens  non  adgravescens  volnus  inlidat  manu.  PL  Rep.  5 6 2d 
av  fir)  irpqoi  &ctl  /cal  7ro\\r)v  irape^coai,  rr)v  iXevOepiav  /coXd^ei. 
Rep.  1,  66  nisi  valde  lenes  et  remissi  sint  et  large  sibi  libertatem 
ministrent,  insequitur,  etc.  PI.  Rep.  563d  coo-re  /cav  otlovv  SovXeias 
rt?  irpocrfyeprfTai,  ayava/cTelv.  Rep.  1,  67  ut  si  minime  vis  adhi- 
beatur  imperii,  irascantur. 

2.  Subj.  due  to  attraction  and  to  influence  of  O.  O.  5  exx. 
Soph.  frg.  964,  Dind.  orav  Se  Saificov  —  fido-rcy'  Ipeio-rj — 
iraXivrpoirov.  Tusc.  3,  71  non  idem,  cum  fortuna  mutata  im- 
petum  convertat,  clade  subita  frangatur  sua.  PI.  Rep.  571c 
orav  to  fiev  aXXo  Tr)?  ifox?ft  €^V'  Div.  1,  60  dixit  enim ; 
cum — ea  pars  animi — sopita  langueat, — -exsultare  earn  in  somno. 
Arist.  H.  A.  9,  10  orav  he  iv  rco  irpb  777?  /coCkCa?  totto)  iretycocriv. 
Nat.  De.  2,  124  scribitur — easque,  cum  stomachi  calore  con- 
coxerit,  evomere ;  ibid.  9,  6  orav  rogevOwcn,  Nat.  De.  2,  126 
auditum  est  —  capras  —  cum  essent  confixae  venenatis  sagittis 
herbam  quaerere.  Tim.  37a  \eyei — orco  t'  av  n  ravrbv  rj  /cal 
orov  av  erepov.  Tim.  8  discernit  quid  sit  eiusdem  generis,  quid 
alterius. 


Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek.       13 


IDIOMATIC   DIVEEGENCES. 

Since  the  subjunctive  with  av  has  no  parallel  in  Latin,  Cicero 
was  obliged  to  make  use  of  the  tenses  of  the  indicative,  mostly 
according  to  the  rules  governing  iterative  action.  Hence  we 
must  take  into  account  the  tenses  of  the  Latin  in  dealing  with 
this  category. 

Subj.  =  1.  Pres.  indie.  8  exx.  Tim.  41a  (jtaivovrai  Ka& 
ocrov  av  edeXcocTL.  Tim.  11  declarantur  qua  ipsi  volunt.  Tim. 
31c  SeafjLcov  8e  KaWiaros  o?  av  avrbv  ica\  ra  gvvSovfJieva  on 
fidXio-Ta  ev  iroLTJ.  Tim.  4  vinculorum  id  est  aptissimum  atque 
pulcherrimum  quod — quam  maxime  unum  efficit.  Tim.  37b 
orav  fiev  irepl  to  aia-drjTov  yiyvrjTai  /cal  6 — kvkXos — SiayyeiXrj. 
Tim.  8  cum  earn  partem  attingit — et  orbis — omnia — denuntiat. 
See  same  passage  for  another  ex.  Tim.  46c  orav  fxeraTrearj 
^vfjLTrjjyvvfievov — 0W9.  Tim.  14  cum  ea  inter  se  non  cohaerescunt. 
Tim.  31c  oirorav  yap — rj  ixeaov.  Tim.  5  quando  contingit  ut 
quod  medium  sit — comparetur.  PI.  Ap.  40d  olov  vttvos  eireuhdv 
Tt?  KaOevBcov  /jlt)8'  ovap  fjLrjBev  opa.  Tusc.  1,  97  somno, — qui  non 
nunquam,  etiam  sine  visis  somniorum,  placatissimam  quietem 
adfert.  Horn.  II.  9,  646,  647  vtztvot'  eiceivmv  nvrjcroiiai,  Tusc.  3, 
18  cum — recordor.  Prog.  132-133  ore  cnciarjcn — aeXrjvr].  Prog. 
132  cum  Luna — officit  orbi. 

2.  Perfect  indie.  10  exx.  The  iterative  principle  here  comes 
out  prominently.  Horn.  Od.  18,  137  rolo?  yap  voos  earlv 
I'lri'xQovLtov  avOpcoircov  olov  €7r'  rjfiap  ayrjai  irarrip.  Aug.  Civ. 
Dei.  5,  8  tales  sunt  hominum  mentes,  quali  pater  ipse  Jup- 
piter  auctiferas  lustravit  lumine  terras.  Tim.  37a  orav  ova  Lav 
o~KeBa(TT7jv  e%oi>To?  tivos  i^dirT^Tai  koX  orav  afiepiarov.  Tim. 
8  cum  materiam  mutabilem  adripuit  et  cum  rursus  individuam 
atque  simplicem, — movetur.  Tim.  39d  orav  ra — rd^v — °~XV 
tcecfraXijv.  Tim.  9  cum  se  octo  ambitus  ad  idem  caput  rettule- 
runt.  Tim.  46c  orav  rj — Xeiorr)? — airoaarj.  Tim.  14  cum — 
levitas — detrusit.     Tim.  39c   pels    $e    eireihav   (reXrjvrj rfXiov 


14       Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek. 

€7rifcaTa\d/3r).  Tim.  9  mensis  autem  quando  lima  solem  con- 
seeuta  est  See  the  same  passage  for  another  example.  PI.  Rep. 
562d  orav — fxeOva-Oy.  Rep.  1,  66  [cum] — sitiens  hausit.  Ph. 
582  o  S'  eirrjv  (fxieos  /copeo-nrai.  PI.  610  cum  supera  sese  satiavit 
luce.  Ph.  606  rrapQevos  97/409  arraaa  rrepatodev  dpri  yevnrai. 
Ph.  637  et  cum  iam  toto  processit  corpore  Virgo.  Ph.  569  ore 
KapKivos  avrek\rj(TLv.  Ph.  596-597  Tarn  simul  ac  primum — se 
Cancer  extulit. 

3.  Future  indie.  3  exx.  PL  Phaedo  115c  07tg>?  av — (SovknaOe 
edvrrep  /ere.  Tusc.  1,  103  ut  tibi  videbitur,  sepelito.  Tim.  29c 
eav — fJLrj  Svvaral  ycyvdofJLeOa,  /jltj  davfido-rjs.  Tim.  3  si  forte  minus 
— id — consequemur, — hand — erit  mirum.  Tim.  28a  orov — av  6 
Sn/Movpybs — rr)v  IBeav  avrov  /cal  Bvva/jLiv — airepyd^nraiy  icaXbv — 
cnroreXelcrOai.  Tim.  2  Si  is — earn  speciem — intuebitur  atque  id 
sibi  proponet  exemplar, — efficiat  necesse  est. 

4.  Future  perfect  indie.  6  exx.  PI.  Legg.  956a  6  n  av  e6e\rj 
rt?  avanOerco.     Legg.  2,  45  quodcumque  quis  voluerit — dicato. 

Ph.  420,  oi   £'    el    fiev    /ce    rriOtovrai    evaiatfia    arniiaivovar) 

eXafyporepos  rreXerai  7roVo?.  Ph.  440  quern  si  prospiciens  vita- 
veris, — tuto  labere  per  undas.  See  the  whole  passage  in  420-424 
in  Aratus,  440-446  in  Cicero  for  other  exx.  PI.  Phaedo  115c 
edvrrap  ye  Xdftnre  \_pe~\  /cal  fir)  i/c(f)vyco  vfias.  Tusc.  1,  103  si  me 
adsequi  potueris  aut  sicubi  nanctus  eris.  Xen.  Cyr.  8,  7, 17  eireiBav 
tov  c\v0p(O7rLvov  fiiov  reXevrrjaco.  Cato  79  cum  a  vobis  discessero. 
PI.  Rep.  57  Id  oi  av  he  ye,  olfiai,  vyieivw  rt?  exg  avrb?  avrov  /cat 

o-(0(f)p6v(o<;,  /cal  efc  tov  vrrvov  irj olaO'  on,  /ere.     Div.  1,  61  at 

qui  salubri  et  moderato  cultu  atque  victu  quieti  se  tradiderit — 
turn  eveniet. 

DIVERGENCES    DUE   TO   TRANSLATION. 

Subj.  =  1.  Ind.  in  principal  clauses  or  when  the  syntactical 
relations  in  the  translation  are  different.  5  exx.  PL  Rep.  563b 
orav  Br)  ol  ecovrjfjievoi,  /cal  at  ecovrjfjLevai,  finBev  r)rrov  eXevOepoi  a>cri 
twv  irpia^ievoiv.     Rep.  1,  67  ex  quo  fit  ut  etiam  servi  se  liberius 


Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek.       15 

gerant.  Ph.  700  o7roV'  ?I^^ve?  avreWcoaiv,  dOpoov  ifjicfrepercu. 
Ph.  733  hanc  autem  properant  totam  depellere  Pisces.  This 
translation  is  almost  too  free  for  consideration.  Prog.  181-182 
Kai  B'av  eVl  ^npr^v  or  ipcoStbs  ov  Kara  Koafiov  ef  aXos  ep^vrai 
(fxovfi  ireplaWa  XeXn/cay;.  Prog.  184  Cana  fulix  itidem  fugiens  e 
gurgite  ponti  nuntiat  horribilis  damans  instare  procellas,  haud 
modicos  tremnlo  fundens  e  gutture  cantus.  Ph.  345  or  tjBtj 
vavrai  eTnarpe-tycDo-L  KOpcovrjv.  Ph.  375—376  Sicuti — obvertunt 
navem — nautae.  Ph.  424  [el  Be  zee] — \ai<f>ea  iravra  rapd^rj, 
vavrlXKovrai.  Ph.  443  perfringet — malos,  ut  res  nulla — possit 
mulcere  procellas. 

2.  Participle.  3  exx.  Horn.  II.  19,  228  XPV  T°v  V&  /cara- 
QamTeiv  09  Ke  Odvyonv.  Tusc.  3,  65  est  aequum  tumulis  mandare 
peremptos.  PI.  Legg.  956b  ocrarep  av  ev  p,ia  ^a)<ypd(f>o<;  rjfiepa  eh 
a7roTe\rj.  Legg.  2,  45  ab  uno  pictore  uno  absolutae  die.  PL  Rep. 
562d  orav — ttoXis — /catcwv  olvo%6cov — Tvyrj.  Rep.  1,  66  malisque 
usus  ille  ministris. 

3.  Infinitive  O.  O.  1  ex.  PI.  Rep.  571c  [6Vai/]— to  Be 
Onpi&Bes  T€  Kai  aypcov — aKipra  re  Kai — ^nrrj  levai.  Div.  1,  60 
exsultare  earn  in  somno  immoderateque  iactari. 

SUBJUNCTIVE   WITH  "AN    IN    0.   0. 

Under  this  head  belongs  also,  of  course,  the  optative  due  to 
sequence,  representing  the  subj.  with  dv  in  0.  R. 

INDIRECT   COINCIDENCES. 

Subj.=  l.  subj.  due  to  O.  O.  4  exx.  Xen.  Cyr.  8,  7,  19 
ovBe  tovto  7rco7roT€  eireiadnv,  o>?  77  ^V)(r)y  &»?  /*«/  av  ev  Ovnra 
aayfiaTL  77,  £77,  orav  Be  tovtov  arrraWayy,  reOvnicev.  Cato  80,  mihi 
quidem  persuaderi  nunquam  potuit  animos,  dum  in  corporibus 
essent  mortalibus,  vivere,  cum  excessissent  ex  eis,  emori.  See  the 
rest  of  the  passage  for  further  exx. 

2.    Subj.  cum  historical.      1  ex.     PI.  Tim.  42a  elirev  ore 

oirore  Btf  adyfxaaiv  e^vrevOelev  i£  dvdyfer)?,   fcal  to  /xev  Trpoaiot, 


16       Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cice?'o's  Translations  from  the  Greek. 

to  S'  clttloi.  Tim.  12  Cum  autem  animos  corporibus  necessitate 
insevisset,  cumque  ad  corpora  turn  accessio  fieret,  turn  abscessio, 
etc. 

DIVERGENCES. 

Subj.  {■=  opt.  due  to  seq.)  =  Indie,  fut.  perf.  due  (a)  to  rules 
for  antecedent  action.      Tim.  42d  [e27re^  otl] — aXkdrrcov  re  ov 

Trporepov    7rov(ov    Xrj^oi irplv eh    to    t^?   irpoaTT]^    icai 

apio-rn^  afybcoiTO  etSo?  efeo)?.  Tim.  12  neque  terminum  malo- 
rum  prius  aspiciet  quam  illam  sequi  coeperit  conversionem,  etc. 

(b)  to  iterative  principles.     Tim.  42b  [elirev  otl] a>v  it  fiev 

fcpaTrjaeLav,  iv  hUrj  /3lq)o-oivto.  Tim.  12  quos  qui  ratione  rexerit, 
iuste  vixerit. 

SUBJUNCTIVE    IN    FINAL   CLAUSES. 

The  optative  due  to  historical  sequence  belongs  here.  There 
are  17  coincidences. 

INDIRECT   COINCIDENCES. 

Subj.  (=  opt.  due  to  sequence)  =  1.  Subj.  with  cum  historical. 
1  ex.  Tim.  42d  Xva  tt}?  eireiTa  Un  Kaicias  e/cdarcov  avaiTios, 
eenretpe.  Tim.  13  cum — seseque — extra  omnem  culpam  cau- 
samque  posuissety — serebat. 

DIVERGENCES   DUE   TO   TRANSLATION. 

Subj.  =  1.  Tndic.  fut.  1  ex.  Soph.  Trach.  1067  Sfc— 4s 
XeLPa  TVV  Te/covaav,  g>?  elBco  crd^a.  Tusc.  2,  20  hue  adripe — 
abstractam ;  iam  cernam. 

2.  Infin.  0.  0.  2  exx.  Tim.  30b  ^vvereKTalveTo,  oVo)?  ore 
koXKlo-tov  elv — apiarov  re  epyov  cnreipyao-dfjLevos.  Tim.  3  sic 
ratus  est  opus  illud  effectum  esse  pulcherrimum.  Tim.  41  e  elirev 
on — 60-olto — Terajfievr) — Xva  jxrj  rt?  eXarTolro  vir'  avrov.  Tim. 
12  et  ostendit  primum  ortum  unum  fore  omnibus  eumque  modera- 
tum  atque  constantem  nee  ab  ullo  imminutum. 


Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek.       17 

OPTATIVE  MOOD. 

Optative  of  wish  or  Command. 

coincidences. 

Here  the  optative  is  represented  by  the  subj.  in  similar  con- 
structions.    There  are  4  exx. 

IDIOMATIC   DIVERGENCES. 

Optative  =  Imperative.  1  ex.  PL  287  /at)  iceCvo*  ivl  fivvl 
TrepucXv^oLo  OaXdaarj.  Ph.  296  hoc  cave  te  in  pontum  studeas 
committere  mense. 

Potential  Optative, 
coincidences. 
Potential  opt.  =  potential  subj.  in  2  exx. 

INDIRECT   COINCIDENCES. 

Opt.  =  1.  Subj.  in  characteristic  relative  clauses.  3  exx.  Tim. 
31a  %(pov,  ov  fiepos  av  etrvv  weivoa.  Tim.  4  rursus  enim  alius 
animans  qui  eum  contineat.  Tim.  33a  ov%  v7roXeXet/jLfievcov  ef  wv 
dXXo  rotovrov  yevotr  av.  Tim.  5  nulla  parte  unde  alter  gignere- 
tur  relicta.  Eur.  Or.  3  ov&e  avfufiopa — 77?  ovk  av  apQiT*  a^Oo? — 
fyvais.  Tusc.  4,  63  nee — malum  quod  non  natura  humana 
patiendo  ecferat. 

IDIOMATIC   DIVERGENCES. 

Opt.  =  1.  Pres.  indie.  13  exx.  Some  of  the  exx.  from  the 
Aratea  are  not  so  good  ;  but  the  prose  translations  show  excel- 
lent specimens.  Ph.  573  tj/mo-v  \xiv  tcev  vhoto  fierrjopov.  Ph.  599— 
600  dimidiam  retinet  stellis  distincta  Corona.  Ph.  579  ovo''  av 
eV  ' ApKTO(f>v\a^  eln  iroXvs  afM^orepcoOev  fieiav  rjfidrios.  Ph.  606 
2 


1 8       Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek, 

Iani  vero  Arctophylax  non  aequa  parte  seeatur,  nam  brevior 
clara  caeli  de  parte  videtur.  Ph.  612  a\X  "TSpv — ovpr)<$  dv 
BevocTO.  Ph.  643  Hydraque — nondum  tota  patet,  Dam  caudam 
contegit  umbra.  Ph.  460—461  ov/ceri — iyo)  aptcio?  ecrjv — eviGireiv. 
Ph.  478  ego  nunc  nequeo — evolvere  cursus.  PI.  Legg.  956a 
Xpco/jLara  Be  \evKa  irpeirovr  dv  Oeois  etv.  Legg.  2,  45  color  autem 
albus — decorus  deo  est.  PI.  Ap.  41a  irl  irocrm  av  -m  Begair'  av 
vii&v ;  Tusc.  1,  98  Quanti  tandem  aestiinatis?  PI.  Ap.  40d 
davfidaiov  /cepSos  av  eln  6  Odvaros.  Tusc.  1,  97  quid  lucri  est 
emori?  PL  Ap.  40e  r£  fiel^ov  dyaObv  tovtov  etrj  av.  Tusc.  1, 
98  id  multo  iam  beatius  est.  PI.  Phaedrus  246a  dyevvrov  re  /cal 
aBdvarov  ^v^r)  av  eli).  Tusc.  1,  54  neque  nata  certe  est  et  aeterna 
est.  Tim.  31a  av — elvai — Seot — .  Tim.  4  sit  necesse  est.  Tim. 
31b  to)  irepie'XpvTL  toS'  av  cKJyco/noico/jbevov  \eyoiro  opBorepov.  Tim. 
4  necesse  est — caelumque  hoc  simulacrum  illius  ultima  sit.     Tim. 

28b  dWo    O    TL    7TOT6    6vOfJLa£6fA€VO<;    fJbd\L(TT    dv    Se^OLTO,   TOvB'  r)fxlv 

wvo^daBco.  Tim.  2  quo  alio  vocabulo  gaudet,  hoc  a  nobis  nuncu- 
patus  sit. 

Soph.  frg.  964  Dind.  row  8'  av  /jLeyiarovs  /cal  ao^cordrov^ 
<j>pevl  ToiovaB'  I'Sot?  av.  Tusc.  3,  71  nee  vero  tanta  praeditus 
sapientia  quisquam  est. 

2.  Indie,  future.  10  exx.  Since  the  potential  optative  is 
often  a  mild  future  [Am.  Jour.  Ph.,  3,  444 ;  Gildersleeve,  Syntax, 
p.  176]  such  a  rendering  is  not  to  be  wondered  at.  Ph.  248- 
249  ap,^6repot  8e  7ro8e?  ya/xSpov  e7ucrnp>aivoi€v  Ilepaeos.  PI. 
245e  pedibus  natum  summo  love  Persea  vises.  Ph.  304  Hrjua 
— 2/co/97rto?  dvreWcov  elrj  Trv/JLarns  irrri  vvktos.  Ph.  316—317 
iam  prope  praecipitante  licebit  visere  nocte  ut  sese — ostendat 
Scorpios.  Ph.  559—560  av  icev  a7r6/3\vTov  $e8otcvp>ev(p  rj/jLaro? 
elrj  fjLotpdcov  cnceTrreaQai.  Ph.  588  quod  si  Solis  aves  certos 
cognoscere  cursus,  ortus  signorum  nocturno  tempore  vises.  This 
ex.  is  very  doubtful.  Ph.  288  ovre  /cev  r]ol  7r8\\r)v  Treipr\veia<$. 
Ph.  297  nam  non  longinquum  spatium  labere  diurnum.  Ph. 
290  ovt'  dv  tol  wktos — iyyvBev  rjcos  e\Boi.  Ph.  299-300 
umida    non    sese    vestris    Aurora    querellis    ocius    ostendet.     Ph. 


Hoods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek.      19 

562—563  Ta?  8'  av  tee  wepicr/ce^raio  fiaXia-ra  efc  aura?  opocov. 
Ph.  568  or  better,  594-595  quae  simul  exsistant  cernes ;  quae 
tempore  eodem  praecipitent  obitum,  uocturno  tempore  nosces. 
Ph.  451-452  ravrd  tee  dnrjaaio  irapepxppLevcov  iviavT<ov.  Ph. 
467  haec  sunt  quae — signa — cernes.  Ph.  463-464  twv  tee  pLakiara 
ttoOtj  6(f>€\6$  re  yevotro  p,erpa  7repLcr/co7reovTi.  Ph.  484  e  quibus 
annorum,  volitantia  lumina  nosces.  Horn.  II.  9,  363  r\\iaTi  k€ 
TptTOLTcp  (j)0L7]v  ip{/3co\ov  IfcoifjLvv.  Div.  2,  63  tertia  te  Phthiae 
tempestas  laeta  locabit.  PI.  Phaedrus  279a  ware  ovSev  av  yevoiro 
OavpLacrTov.  Or.  41  ut  minime  mirum  futurum  sit.  The  point 
here  is  the  futurum,  not  the  sit ;  hence  the  ex.  has  been  put  under 
this  category.  The  simple  subj.  sit  alone  would  have  to  bear  the 
weight  of  both  the  consecutive  construction  and  the  potential  force 
of  the  original  optative ;  hence  the  periphrastic  future  is  used  to 
carry  the  potential. 

3.  Posse  and  infinitive.  [See  Am.  Jour.  Ph.  19,  231.]  8  exx. 
PI.  Ap.  41a  apa  dav\n*  av  ein  r/  airohnpLia.  Tusc.  1,  98  haec 
peregrinatio  mediocris  vobis  videri  potest.  Tim.  31a  ovk  av  ttot' 
eXn.  Tim.  4  non  potest  esse.  Tim.  30c  ovSev  av  yevoiTo  ica\6v. 
Tim.  4  pulchrum  esse  nihil  potest  Tim.  31b  ovBev  av  irore 
oparbv  yevocro.  Tim.  4  nihil — aspici  ac  videri  potest.  Ph.  456— 
457  ovk  av  eV  efc  aWov?  opocov  iirireKfiripaLO  tceivcov.  Ph.  471— 
472  simili  ratione  notari  non  possunt.  Ph.  542  efa/a?  av  rocran 
puv  viretchpapLoi.  Ph.  561  sex  tantae  poterunt  sub  eum  succedere 
partes.  Ph.  529—531  ov  icev — avrjp  KoWrjcraiTo — rpo^aketa. 
Ph.  548-550  ut  nemo — tornare — possiet  orbis.  Horn.  II.  19, 
227  Trore  /cev  Tt?  avairvevcreie.  Tusc.  3,  65  cernimus  cadentis 
— ut  nemo  possit — vacare. 

4.  Gerund.  1  ex.  Tim.  38e  av  varepov  t?)?  a%ia$  rv^pi 
Stwyrio-ecQs.     Tim.  9  in  sermonem  alium  differendum  est. 

DIVERGENCES   DUE   TO   TRANSLATION. 

Opt.  =  Ind.  1  ex.  Ph.  607-608  ov8'  av  iirepxo^evoi  %?;\ai 
/cat  Xe7TTa  ^xtovaac  aSpacroi  irapioiev.  Ph.  689  at  eum  procedunt 
obscuro  corpore  Chelae. 


20       Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek. 


OPTATIVE   WITH    Efc    [iDEAL   CONDITION]. 

This  category  embraces  also  those  temporal  constructions  allied 
to  the  opt.  with  el;  e.  g.,  PL  Ap.  41b  oirore  evTvyoi^i. 

COINCIDENCES. 

Here  the  opt.  should  equal  the  primary  tenses  of  the  subj. 
There  are  4  exx.,  counting  one  in  which  the  tense  is  influenced 
by  sequence. 

DIVERGENCES   DUE   TO   TRANSLATION. 

Opt.  ===  1.  Hist,  tenses  of  subj.  2  exx.  PL  Phaedrus  245d 
el  yap  eic  tov  apyr)  yiyvoiro,  avK  av  e'f  a/0%?}?  yiyvoiTO.  Tusc.  1, 
54  nee  enim  esset  id  principium,  quod  gigneretur  aliunde.  PL  Ap. 
41b  €7rel  efioiye  real  avra>  OavfiaaTr)  av  ein  r)  Bear pi  fir)  avroOi, 
oiroTe  ivTv^oifii  HaXafirjBeL,  /ere.  Tusc.  1,  98  quanta  delectatione 
autem  adficerer,  cum  Palamedem — eonvenirem. 

2.    Indie,  future.     5  exx.     Ph.  431—432  sqq.  el  Be  icev  eaireplr)^ 

fxev  aXo?  Kevravpov  airein  (bfios  oaov  Trporepns,  /ere 6v  are 

fiaXa  XPV  Trepio-Koireeiv.     Ph.  447  sqq.  sin  umeros  medio  in  caelo 

Centaurus  habebit ,  vis  est  metuenda.     Ph.  563-564  arap 

el  vecj)eeo-(TL  p,e\aivai  yivotvr,  /ere.  Ph.  591  sin — aut  adiment 
lucem  caesa  caligine  nubes,  etc.  Both  passages  contain  more 
than  one  ex. 

IMPERATIVE   MOOD. 

COINCIDENCES. 

There  are  23  of  these. 

IDIOMATIC   DIVERGENCES. 

Imperative  ===  1.  Subj.  imp  v.  2d  person,  with  a  definite  subject. 
1  ex.  Tim.  41d  BtBovres  avgdvere  tcai — BexeaOe.  Tim.  11  quos  et 
vivos  alatis  et  consumptos  sinu  recipiatis. 


Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's   Translations  from  the  Greek.       21 

2.  Subj.  impv.  3d  person.  7  exx.  PL  Legg.  958e  fir/re — 
arepeirco.  Legg.  1,  67  ne — minuat.  Tim.  28b  d)vofida0co.  Tim. 
2  nuncupatus  sit.  Tim.  40d  e%eVa>  reXos.  Tim.  10  habeant  hunc 
terminum.  Tim.  40e  e^eVo)  /cat  Xeyeadco.  Tim.  40e  habeatur  et 
dicatur.  Diog.  Laert.  9,  2  rjfjLecov  fivBeU  ovrjicrTos  earco.  Tusc. 
5,  105  nemo  de  nobis  unus  excellat.  Diog.  Laert.  10,  8  fiept%- 
eadcoaav.  Fin.  2,  101  sanciat — ut  dent  Similarly  Plut.  Disc. 
Ad.  e.  4  ipperco  <J)l\os.     Pro  Deiot.  25  pereant  amici. 

3.  Indie,  with  quin.  1  ex.  Horn.  Od.  12,  185  vr\a  icarac-Tvo-ov. 
Fin.  5,  49  quin  puppim  flectis ! 


DIVERGENCES    DUE   TO   TRANSLATIONS. 

Imperative  =  1.  Indie.  5  exx.  Xen.  Cyr.  8,  7,  21  ivvorjaare. 
Cato  80  videtis.  Tim.  46e  tcl  ixev — gv/JL/JLercuTia — elprjcrdco.  Tim. 
14  ac  de — causis,  satis  ferme  esse  dictum  puto.  Tim.  41d  vfiels — 
aTrepyd&ade  £a>a  /cat  yevvdre.  Tim.  11  attexitote — ita  orientur 
animantes.  Ph.  246  'AvSpofji&ws  Se  tol  &fio<;  apto-repos  T^^uo? 
€<tt(o  arj/jba  ftopeiorepov.  Ph.  252—253  Andromedae  laevo  ex 
humero — adpositum  poteris — cognoscere  Piscem.  Prog.  177-178 
^rj/xa  Se  roc  ave/xoio  /cal  olBaivovaa  OdXaaaa  yiveorOa).  Prog. 
177—178  atque  etiam  ventos  praemonstrat  saepe  futuros  inflatum 
mare. 

INFINITIVE  MOOD. 

INFIN.    AS   SUBSTANTIVE   IN   CASE-RELATIONS. 

I.    As  subject  or  predicate. 

Under  this  head  is  classed  the  infinitive  with  nouns  or  adjec- 
tives ;  including  also  the  articular  infinitive,  and  excluding  the 
epexegetical  infinitive. 

COINCIDENCES. 

There  are  13  of  these.  The  substantives  and  adjectives  used  as 
subjects  or  as  predicates  to  the  infinitives  are  avdytcrj,  avayfeaiov, 


22      Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek. 

ie  necesse  ;     ai<rxP°v>  —  turpe  ;     kclXov,  =  ntilius  ;     aSvvarov,  = 
nefas  ;  epyov,  =  difficile  ;  QifUR,  =  fas. 

INDIRECT   COINCIDENCES. 

The  infinitives  are  3  in  number,  and  are  objects  of  posse.  Tim. 
28c  aydyicnv  elvai  yeveaOat.  Tim.  2  gigni  posse.  Tim.  28a 
aSvvarov  %t»/ot?  aniov  yivecnv  cr^eiv.  Tim.  2  nullius  rei  causa 
remota  reperiri  origo  potest.     Similarly  Tim.  39d,  Tim.  9. 


IDIOMATIC   DIVERGENCES. 

Infin.  =  1.  Supine.  4  exx.  This  is  a  perfectly  regular  con- 
struction, hence  only  the  references  need  be  given.  Tim.  29a, 
Tim.  2;  ibid.  31a,  4;  40a,  10;  40d,  11. 

2.  Subj.  after  necesse.  2  exx.  Tim.  28b  icakbv  ef  avdyfcrjs 
avTay;  aTroTeXelaOat  irav.  Tim.  2  praeclarum  opus  efficiat  necesse 
est.  PI.  Phaedrus  245e  tovto  Be  ovr  aTroXkvadai  ovre  yiyveaBai 
hvvcLTOv,  7}  irdvTa  re  ovpavbv  iracrav  re  yiveciv  avixirea-ovcrav 
a-TYjvcu  icai  /jajwore  clvOls  €XeLV  o6ev.  Tusc.  1,  54  id  autem  nee 
nasci  potest  nee  mori,  vel  concidat  omne  caelum  omnisque  natura 
consistat  necesse  est. 

3.  Imperative  subjunctive.  1  ex.  Eur.  Phoen.  525  ivaefieiv 
%pecov.     Off.  3,  82  pietatem  colas. 

4.  Subjunctive,  ideal  condition.  1  ex.  Tim.  40d  to  Xeyeuv 
ixdraio^  av  elw  7rouo?.     Tim.  10  si  verbis  explicare  conemur. 

5.  Gerundive.  4  exx.  The  use  of  this  form  depends  of  course 
on  the  particular   adjective   or    substantive   employed    with  the 

infinitive.     Tim.  33d  ovre  Xafieiv  ovre afivvaaOat  %/?eta  tis 

rjv.  Tim.  6  nee  capiendum  quicquam  erat  nee  repellendum.  Diog. 
Laert.  9,  2  ai~iov  airoOavelv.  Tusc.  5,  105  esse  multandos  morte. 
Soph.  Phrix.  frg.  818  Dind.  et/eo?  afya&aC.uv.  Tusc.  3,  67  esset 
dolendi  causa.  Eur.  Phoen.  525  koXKlo-tov  ahiicelv.  Off.  3,  82 
violandum  est. 

II.    Infinitive  as  object  after  verbs  of  creation. 


Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek.       23 

COINCIDENCES. 

There  are  29  of  these. 

IDIOMATIC   DIVERGENCES. 

Infin.  =  1.  Subj.  in  consecutive  clauses.  6  exx.  Tim.  31a 
av  erepov  elvat  to  irepl  i/ceLvco  Seoc  %wov.  Tim.  4  alius  animans 
— sit  necesse  est.  Tim.  41e  Seot — cj>vvcu.  Tim.  12  fore  ut — 
oriretur.  Tim.  32a  iravff  outg)? — ravra  elvat  ^vfAfirjaeTai.  Tim. 
5  ita  necessitas  cogit  ut  eaclem  sint  ea.  Tim.  42a  Trapehooice — 
o-ayfiara  TrXdrreiv.  Tim.  3  permisit  ut  corpora — -fingerent.  See 
the  same  passage  for  other  exx. 

2.  Gerundive  7  exx.  All  are  of  infinitives  after  hel  and  XPV' 
Only  the  references  need  be  given.  PI.  Rep.  328e  Serjcrei  tto- 
pevecrOai.  Cato  6  ingrediundum  sit.  Similarly  Ar.  Ph.  1,  2,  5, 
De  or.  2,  116-117;  Tim.  28b,  Tim.  2;  ibid.,  30b,  3;  38e,  9; 
Eur.  Phoen.  524,  Off.  3,  82  ;  Ph.  434,  Ph.  450. 

DIVERGENCES   DUE   TO   TRANSLATION. 

This  one  ex.  is  unique.  Tim.  41c  iOeXovrcov  eireaOai.  Tim. 
11  volentes  pareant. 

IIT.   Epexegeticae  Infinitive. 

COINCIDENCES. 

The  solitary  ex.  may  be  noted.  PI.  Ap.  42a  &pa  anrievai. 
Tusc.  1,  99  tempus  est — abire. 

INDIRECT   COINCIDENCES. 

There  is  but  one  ex.,  which  appears  in  the  Latin  as  an  object 

infin.     PL  460-461  ov/ceri ap/ccos  einv — hiaireiv.     Ph.  478 

nequeo — evolvere. 


24       Moods  and   Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek. 

IDIOMATIC   DIVERGENCES. 

Infin.  =  Gerundive.  1  ex.  Eur.  Or.  1,  Seivov  a>S'  kireiv  eVo?. 
Tusc.  4,  63  terribilis  fando  oratio. 

2.  Subj.  characteristic.  1  ex.  PI.  Legg.  958e  6a a  oY%eo-0at. 
Legg.  2,  68  quam  quod  capiat. 

IV.   Articular  infinitive  with  prepositions  and  in  oblique  cases. 

Gen.  with  avev  =  1.  Subj.  in  protasis  of  logical  condition, 
due  to  0.  0.  1  ex.  Diog.  Laert.  10,  140  ov/c  eariv  r}oe(o<;  %r)v 
avev  rov  (fypovificos  /cat  /caXw?  /cal  olkcllcds.  Fin.  1,  57  nisi  sapien- 
ter,  honeste,  iucunde  vivatur  [non  posse  vivi.] 

Gen.  with  V7rep.=  1.  Subj.  in  final  clause.  1  ex.  Diog. 
Laert.  10,  148  virep  rod  fivSev  alwviov  elvcu  hecvov  fivoe  iroXv- 
XpovLov.  Fin.  1,  68  ne  quod  aut  sempiternum  aut  diuturnum 
timer et  malum. 

Dat.  of  cause.  =  1.  Ind.  in  causal  clause.  1  ex.  Tim.  39e 
tQ) — firjiroo — wepieCknfyevai.  Tim.  10  quia  nondum — intus  inclu- 
serat. 

Ace.  with  hud.  =  1.  Ind.  in  causal  clause.  1  ex.  PI.  Menex. 
248a  8ia  to  TreiroiQevai.     Tusc.  5,  36  quod — in  se — spem  reponet. 

2.  Participle  1  ex.  Tim.  39b  Sia — to — irpoievai.  Tim.  7 
quia  procedentia  efficiebant  ut,  etc. 

Ace.  with  7r/3o'?  =  1.  Subj.  indirect  question.  1  ex.  Tim. 
46e  7r/3o?  to  axelv — elprjaOco.  Tim.  14  ut  haberent — satis  ferme 
esse  dictum  puto. 

INFINITIVE   NOT    USED   SUBSTANTIVELY. 

I.   Infinitive  as  Imperative. 

INDIRECT   COINCIDENCES. 

Infin.  =  1.  Object  infin.  after  verbs  of  commanding.  4  exx. 
PL  Legg.  958e  %c5yna  oe  fir)  yovv.  Legg.  2,  68  exstrui — vetat 
sepulchrum.  See  for  other  exx.  the  same  passages.  Add  also 
Hes.  op.  349  ev  &  cnrooovvai.     Brut.  16,  reddere  iubet. 


Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek.      25 


IDIOMATIC    DIVERGENCES. 

Infin.  =  1.  Imperative.  1  ex.  Hdt.  7,  228  a>  %elv, 
ayyeWeiv.     Tusc.    1,   101   die,  hospes. 

2.  Subj.  impv.  2  exx.  Pi.  Legg.  956a  fid/AfiaTa  Be  firj 
irpoafyepeiv.  Legg.  2,  45  tincta  vero  absint.  Cf.  also  PI.  Legg. 
958e  ravra  i/cirXvpovv.    Legg.  2,  68  ea  potissimum  ut  compleatur. 

DIVERGENCES   DUE   TO   TRANSLATION. 

Infin.  =  Indie.  1  ex.  PI.  167,  168  ravpov  fiaieaOai.  Ph. 
173  est — conixus — Taurus. 

II.   Infinitive  with  irpiv. 

IDIOMATIC   DIVERGENCES. 

Infin.  =  Subj.  perf.  with  quin.  1  ex.  Horn.  Od.  12,  187  ov 
— Tt? — iraprfkaae — irpiv — oV  aicovcrai.  Fin.  5,  49  nemo  est — 
transvectus — quin  astiterit  vocum  dulcedine  captus. 

III.   Infin.  in  Consecutive  Clauses. 

IDIOMATIC   DIVERGENCES. 

Infin.  =  Subj.  consecutive.  2  exx.  PI.  Rep.  563d  wore — 
ayava/creiv  ical  p,r)  avexecrOai.  Rep.  1,  67  ut — irascantur  et  per- 
ferre  nequeant.  Tim.  32c  coare — oXvrov — yeveaOai.  Tim.  5 
cohaeret  ut  dissolvi  nullo  modo  queat. 

DIVERGENCES    DUE   TO    TRANSLATION. 

Infin.  sas  1.  Indie,  in  "ita" — clause.  2  exx.  Ar.  PI.  1,  2, 
5  Sp.  ware  Belv.  De.  Or.  2,  116—117  ita  cogitandum  est.  Tim. 
43b  axne — /aveicrdai.      Tim.  13  ita — movebatur. 

IV.   Infin.  of  Purpose. 

IDIOMATIC   DIVERGENCES. 

Infin.  =s  1.    Subj.  final  or  consecutive.     2  exx.     Horn.  II.  9, 


26       Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cieero's  Translations  from  the  Greek. 

442  €7rejJL7re — ScBao-fcefjievcu  rdSe  iravra.  De.  Or.  3,  57  comitem 
esse  datum  ut  ille  efficeret.  Tim.  40a  vei^a? — nreiroiKCK^evov  elvai. 
Tim.  10  distribuit — ut  hunc  varietate  —  distinctum —  Graeci 
Koa-fiov — nominarent. 

V.   Infinitive  0.  0. 

COINCIDENCES. 

There  are  28  exx. 

DIVERGENCES   DUE   TO   TRANSLATION. 

Here  the  0.  0.  of  the  Greek  appears  in  Latin  as  O.  R. ; 

Infin.  =s=  Indie.  5  exx.  Die-g.  Laert.  7,  107  /ca6f}/c6v  fyacri 
emu.  Fin.  3,  58  Est  autem  officium.  Arist.  Pol.  5,  11  epyov 
elvaC  fyaaiv.  Off.  1,  70  cuius  proprium  est.  Ph.  645-646  (fraai 
— <f>evyeiv.  PL  687  fugiens  commendat  corpora  terris.  PI.  Ap. 
40e  ,xp6vo<;  fyaivejai — eivai.  Tusc.  1,  97  cui  si  similis  futura 
est  perpetuitas  —  temporis.  PL  Phaedrus  279a  Sofcei —  rjOet 
yevviKcorepa)  Ke/epaa0ac.  Or.  41  praeterea  ad  virtutem  maior 
indoles. 

Infin.  with  av  as  representative  of  indie,  with  av,  O.  R., 

DIVERGENCE   DUE   TO    O.    R.    OF    LATIN 

Infin.  =  subj.  1  ex.  Xen.  Cyr.  8,  7,  18  ras  re/Mas  Sca/ueveiv 
en  av  Sofceire.  Cato  80  nee  vero — post  mortem  honores  per- 
manerent. 


THE  PAETIOIPLE. 


The  Ordinary  Participle. 


By  this  is  meant  the  participle  when  used  in  the  ordinary  way, 
that  is,   attributively   or  circumstantially,  and  as  distinguished 


Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Gi'eeh.      27 

from  the  participle  used  to  denote  purpose,  or  as  a  predicate,  or 
in  O.  O.  Separate  categories  have  been  made  for  such  special 
usages. 

COINCIDENCES. 

There  are  1 54  of  these. 

IDIOMATIC   DIVERGENCES. 

The  participle,  on  account  of  its  nature  as  a  modifier,  may  be 
in  many  cases  represented  by  a  subordinate  clause  of  some  sort. 
In  view  of  the  paucity  of  participial  forms  in  the  Latin,  such 
renderings  must  be  used  very  frequently  in  translation.  Natu- 
rally, we  should  be  interested  to  see  what  kind  of  a  subordinate 
clause  represents  the  participle ;  whether  relative,  causal,  tem- 
poral, or  what  not.  Hence  the  idiomatic  divergences  for  the 
Greek  participle  will  be  classed  under  the  rubrics  of  the  different 
kinds  of  subordinate  clause. 

1.  Simple  relative  clause  in  indie,  or  subj.,  due  to  attraction  or 
to  O.  O.  There  are  69  exx. ;  too  many  to  be  given  in  full.  PI. 
Phaedrus  245d  cipyr]  to  avrb  avrb  klvovv%  Tusc.  1,  54  princi- 
pium  ex  eo  sit,  quod  ipsum  a  se  movetur.  PI.  Menex.  248a  ra 
7T/30?  ev&cufiovlav  <f>epovra.  Tusc.  5,  36  quae  ad  beate  vivendum 
ferunt.  Prog.  160  (frdrvwv,  rj  fiev  t'  0X1777  el/cvla  a^Xvt.  Prog. 
160  tenui  quae  candet  lumine  Phatne.  PL  Menex.  246e  iraaa 
eTTKTTrjixn  %(opi£o/ji,ev7}  hiicaiocrvvns.  Off.  1,  63  scientia,  quae  est 
remota  ab  iustitia.  PI.  Tim.  33b  81b  teal  acfxupoeiSes ,  etc  p,ecrov 
irdvTrj  7roo?  ras  reXevras  icrov  awexov,  /cv/cXorepes  avrb  iropvevaaro. 

Tim.   6   et  globosum  est   fabricatus cuius  omnis  extremitas 

paribus  a  medio  radiis,  attingitur.  Tim.  33d  rjyrjcraTo  yap  avrb  6 
%vvdei<;.  Tim.  6  sic  enim  ratus  est  ille  qui  ista  iunxit  et  condidit. 
PI.  Ap.  40e  ol  redve&res.     Tusc.  1,  98  qui  e  vita  excesserunt. 

Of  exx.  with  the  subj.  may  be  noted  Diog.  Laert.  10,  18  eh 
ttjv — avvohov — roiv  (Tv/jL(f)LXoao(j>ovvT(ov.  Fin.  2,  101  dent  ad 
eorum  epulas,  qui  una  secum  philosophati  sint.  Diog.  Laert.  10, 
139  o  Odvaros  ovSev  7roo?   tjp&5  '  to  yap   BiaXvdh  avaiadnrei,  to 


28       Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek. 

8'  avaicrdvTovv  ovBev  7r/oo?  ^Jua?.  Fin.  2,  100  mortem  nihil  ad 
nos  pertinere ;  quod  enim  dissolutum  sity  id  esse  sine  sensu ;  quod 
enim  sine  sensu  sit,  id  nihil  ad  nos  pertinere  omnino.  Com.  Gr. 
2,  45 8,  6,  [Meineke]  tols  atcpoco/jLevoi,?.  Brut.  38  relinqueret  in 
animis  eorum  a  quibus  esset  auditus.  Xen.  Oec.  4,  21  rod 
KaraixeTpriaavTos  o~oi  /cal  StaTagavTOS.  Cato  59  dixisse  mirari — 
sollertiam  eius  a  quo  essent  ilia  dimensa  atque  discripta.  Eur.  frg. 
452,  Dind.  tov — ireirav^evov.  Tusc.  1,  115  At  qui  labores — 
finisset — hunc  exsequi.  Similarly  Tim.  37b,  Tim.  8  ;  ibid,  39b, 
9  ;  46d,  14 ;  PL  Phaedrus  246a,  Tusc.  1,  54 ;  Diog.  Laert.  7, 
125,  De  Or.  1,  83;  these,  together  with  the  passages  quoted 
above,  are  all  the  exx.  I  have  of  the  subjunctive  in  this  cate- 
gory,— 10  in  number.  The  remaining  exx.  are  indicatives,  of 
which  a  few  have  been  given  above. 

2.  Characteristic  relative  clause,  subjunctive  of  design  or 
tendency.  15  exx.  This  is  the  natural  translation  of  the  parti- 
ciple, and  it  is  surprising  that  it  is  not  used  oftener  as  compared 
with  the  simple  relative.     See  Gildersleeve,  Lat.  Gram.  438n. 

Tim.  27d  rt  to  ov  aeL  Tim.  2  quod  est  quod  semper  sit.  See 
the  same  passage  for  further  exx.  Tim.  40b  ttjv  Se  ek  to 
irpoaOev  virb  Trjs — Trepufropas  /cpaTovfievq).  Tim.  10  alterum, 
quod  in  anticam  partem  a  conversione  eiusdem  et  similis  pellere- 
tur.  See  the  same  passage  for  another  ex.  Tim.  34a  klvvctiv  yap 
a7rev€Lfiev, — ttjv — fidkiaTa  ovaav.  Tim.  6  motum — dedit, — qui 
cieret — maxime.  Tim.  30d  %q>ov  ev  opaTov,  irdvTa — £q>a  ez/T09 
e%ov  eavTov.  Tim.  4  animal  unum  aspectabile,  in  quo  omnia 
animalia  continerentur,  effecit.  Tim.  34b  clvtov  avTa>  hvvdfxevov 
avyjiyvea-daL  /cal  ovSevos  eTepov  irpoaheofxevov.  Tim.  6  caeloque 
— complexus  est,  quod  secum  ipsum  propter  virtutem  facile  esse 
posset  nee  desideraret  alterum,  Tim.  42e  ocrov  eV  tjv  ^u^t)? 
avdpcoTrivns  §eov  TrpocryevecrOac.  Tim.  13  quamtumque  esset 
reliquum  ex  humano  animo,  quod  deberet  accedere.  Tim.  33b  Tea 
— £a>a  irepiex^v  fieWovTi  £g)g>.  Tim.  6  a  quo — contineri  vellet 
animantes,  hunc  ea  forma  figuravit.  PL  Legg.  958e  /jltj  %ovv — 
epyov — ev    Tzev&>    rjfJLepa^    airoTe\6v\xevov.     Legg.   2,    68    exstrui 


Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek.       29 

vetat  sepulcrum  altius  quam  quod  quinque  homines  quinque  diebus 
absolverint.  Similarly,  PI.  Phaedrus  245e,  Tusc.  1,  54 ;  Tim. 
34a,  Tim.  6 ;  Eur.  Thes.  frg.  39e,  Dind.,  Tusc.  3,  29. 

3.  Protasis  of  a  condition. 

(a)  Logical,  with  fut.  ind.  3  exx.  PI.  559  av  icev  cnrofiXnTov 
SeSo/cwjAevQ) — ein.  PI.  587  quod  si  aves  certos  cognoscere  cursus. 
Tim.  42c  p,r)  iravopievos — neraftoXol.  Tim.  12  et  si  ne  turn  qui- 
dem  finem — -faciei, — iactabitur.  Tim.  29b  ware — a7roSe%o/xe^ou5 
irpiirei.  Tim.  2  ut  si  probabilia  dicentur,  ne  quid  ultra  requi- 
ratis. 

(b)  Ideal,  perf.  or  pres.  subj.  1  ex.  Tim.  41c  ravra 
yevofjbeva  zeal  fiiov  /JLeraa^ovra — lad^oir'  av.  Tim.  11  quae — 
effecta  si  sint,  possint  aequare. 

(c)  Unreal  condition,  subj.  historical  tenses.  3  exx.  PI.  Rep. 
330a  avT09  Se/3t^)iO?  o>v  ovofxaaro^  iye'vero  av.  Cato  8 — non 
hercule,  inquit,  si  ego  Seriphius  essem.  See  the  same  passage  for 
another  ex.  Tim.  47a  ovSeU  av  irore  ippr]6n  fMrjre  darpa  pLrjre 
vXlov  fjiTfre  ovpavbv  ISovrcov.  Tim.  14  haec  oratio  haud  unquam 
esset  inventa,  si  neque  sidera  neque  sol  neque  caelum  sub  oculo- 
rum  aspectum  cadere  potuissent. 

4.  Temporal  clause.     31  exx. 

(a)  With  indie,  [subj.  O.  O.  or  attraction]  19  exx.  Tim.  46d 
o&ai  Se  t/7r?  dXXcov  fiev  /avov/jbevcov.  Tim.  14  quae — movent  alias 
cum  ipsae  ab  aliis  moventur.  Tim.  46c  'xprrrai — diroTeXcov.  Tim. 
14  utitur  cum  efficit.  Tim  39a  tyaivero  /caraXapL^dvovra 
/caTaXafjifidvecrdai.  Tim.  9  cum  superabant,  superari  videbantur. 
Tim.  28c  ko\  evpovra  et?  irdvra^  dSvvarov  Xeyetv.  Tim.  2  et  cum 
iam  inveneris,  iudicare  in  volgus  nefas.  Ph.  346  eiriGrpe^wai — 
opfjuov  iaepxpfievoi.  Ph.  375  obvertunt — cum  coeptant  tutos 
contingere  portus.  Ph.  673  hvipyovTai — to^ottj  dvre'XXovri. 
Ph.  712—713  Sagittipotens  superas  cum  visere  luces  institit 
emergit  Nixi  caput.  Ph.  332  ov/cert — dp?  r)eXi<p  dvtovra — 
yjrevSovraL.  Ph.  355  ubi  se — cum  sole  extulit,  hand  potitur, 
etc.      Hdt.   7,   228   /ceipeOa  7T€i66/jl€vol.      Tusc.    1,   101   iacentis 


30      Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek. 

dum — obsequimur.  Diog.  Laert.  10,  142  avroU  iravrayoQev 
el(T7r\7]poviJLevoLS — /cal — exovaiv.  Fin.  2,  21  cum  undique  com- 
plerentur — nee  haberent.  Xen.  Oec.  4,  21  ravra  OavfjLcL&v  elirev. 
Gato  59  cum  admiraretur  turn  eum  dixisse.  PI.  Eep.  571c 
irX-qcrdev,  aKipra.  Div.  1,  60  cum  sit — extumefacta — exsultare. 
Eur.  frg.  452  Dind.  top  cfyvvra  dprjvelv.  Tusc.  1,  115  lugere,  ubi 
esset  aliquis  iu  lucem  editus.  Similarly  PI.  Al.  1,  131a,  Tusc.  1, 
52;  PL  Rep.  562d,  Rep.  1,  66;  PI.  Ap.  41a,  Tusc.  1,  98;  PL 
Phaedms  245c,  Tusc.  1,  53 ;  Phaedrus  279a,  Or.  41  ;  Xen.  Cyr. 
8,  7,  20,  Cato  80 ;  Sext.  Emp.  adv.  Math.  2,  7  Or.  113  [2  exx.] 
Ph.  459,  Ph.  477;  ibid.,  590,  616  ;  607,  639;  645,  686;  693, 
725;  Prog.  132,  Prog.  132;  ibid.,  178,  179;  180,  181;  also 
Tim.  46b,  Tim.  14. 

(6)  With  subj.  12  exx. ;  of  which  11  are  with  cum  historical, 
the  remaining  one  with  dum  =  "  until."  On  cum  with  the  subj. 
representing  the  participle,  see  Am.  Jour.  Ph.  9,  155.  Diog. 
Laert.  10,  22  rrjv  fiaicapiav  ayovres — iypafo/uiev.  Fin.  2,  96  cum 
ageremus — scribebamus.  PL  Rep.  329b-c.  ipcorcofxevo)  viro  twos. 
Cato  47  cum  ex  eo — quidam  quaereret.  Tim.  36b  ^vveirX^povro, 
\ei7r(ov — fjbopiov.  Tim.  7  explebat,  cum  particulam — relinqueret. 
Ibid.  30a  Xoyiadfjievos  ovv  evpeateev,  3  cum  rationem  igitur  habuis- 
set,  reperiebat ;  35a  Xaftcov — arvve/cepdo-aro,  7  cum — sumpsisset — 
temperavit ;  35b  ttoltjo  afxevos — hieveifiev,  7  cum — effecisset, — 
partitus  est ;  36d  a^taa^ — 7rpoaera^ev,  7  cum — divisisset — iussit ; 
42d  SiaOea/jLoOeTijo-as — eaTreipe,  13  cum — designasset — serebat ; 
42e  vorj<ravT€$ — eireiOovTo,  13  cum — cognovissent — sequebantur, 
and  in  the  same  passages  Xa/3oWe? — gvve/coXXcov,  cum — accepissent, 
copulabant ;  30a  /3ovXr)0ek — tfyayev,  3  cum — constituisset — as- 
sumpsit. Ph.  621  HfcopTrlov  avreXXovra  fiepec.  Ph.  653  tenetur 
dum  Nepa  et  Arcitenens  invisant  lumina  caeli. 

5.    Causal  clause  with 

(a)  Indie.  4  exx.  Tim.  29d  ayairav  xprj,  fie/jLvrjfjLevov  &>?. 
Tim.  3  contentique  esse  debemus — ;  aequum  est  enim  meminisse. 
Ibid.  30a  rjyayev — rjyrjo-d/jLevos,  3  adduxit ;  hoc  enim  iudicabat. 


Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek,      31 

PI.  Phaedrus  245c  are  ov/c  airoXelirov  eavro.     Tusc.  1,  53  qtlj^v,, 
nunquam  deseritur  a  se.     PI.  Ap.  41  e  /caTrjyopovv  a\\'  olopLevot 
^Xdirreiv.     Tusc.  1,  99  nisi  quod  mihi  nocere  se  crediderunt. 

(b)  Subj.  with  cum  5  exx.  Tim.  40a  tg>  Be  ttclvtI  irpoaeacd^wv 
ev/ev/cXov  eirolei.  Tim.  10  cumque  cum  similem  universi  naturae 
efficere  vellet, — rotundavit.  Ibid.  30d  fiovXwOhs — gvve'aTwcre,  4 
cum — efficere  vellet,  efficit ;  32a  tclvtcl  Be  yevo^ieva  aXXrjXoft  ev 
irdvra  earrai,  5  eadem  autem  cum  facta  sint,  efficitur  ut ;  42a, 
SnrXrjs  Be  6W?7?  rf)<;  avOpwrrivn?  <j>vcrecos  to  Kpelrrov  tolovtov  eirj 
<yevos,  12,  sed  cum  duplex  esset  natura  generis  humani.  PI. 
Phaedrus  245e  aOavdrov  ire^aa fievov  rod  vft  eavrov  /avovfievov. 
Tusc.  1,  54  cum  pateat  igitur  alternum  esse. 

6.  Adversative  clause,  indie.  1  ex.  Tim.  40e  aBvvarov — 
ircualv  aTTtcrrelv,  Kaiirep  dvev  re  el/corcov  /cal  avay/caicov  airoBel^ewv 
Xeyov<TLv.  Tim.  11  difficile  factu  est — quamquam  nee  argumeutis 
nee  rationibus  certis — ratio  confirmatur. 

7.  Object  infinitive.  2  exx.  PI.  Phaedrus  245c  ov  irore 
Xrjyei  /avovfievov.  Tusc.  1,  53  nunquam  ne  moveri  quidem 
desinit.  Ph.  58  vevovri  Be  irdpmov  eoi/cev.  Ph.  61  obtutum — 
figere  dicas. 

8.  As  a  coordinate  verb.  In  this  case  the  participle  is  repre- 
sented by  a  verb  in  the  same  mood  and  teuse  as  its  accompanying 
verb.  There  are  32  exx.  Tim.  37a  Xeyei  /avovfievr).  Tim.  8 
movetur  disceruitque.  Ibid.  40a  riOrjcri — veifias  ;  10  effecit  cir- 
cumque  distribuit.  30a  TrapaXaficov — rjyayev ;  3,  assumjmt, — 
idque  adduxit.  33d  rjyrjo~aTO  jap  avrb — dvrap/ce;  6v  dfieivov 
eaecrOai',  6  ratus  est  ipsum  se  contentum  esse  mundum  nee  egere 
altero.  Similarly  Tim.  32a,  Tim.  5  [2  exx.]  ;  ibid.  32b,  5  [2 
exx.]  ;  32d,  5  ;  34a,  6  ;  35b,  7  ;  36b,  7  ;  36e,  8  ;  37a,  8  :  40b, 
10;  41c,  11;  41d,  11;  41e,  12;  42d,  12;  42e,  13  [2  exx.]; 
43a,  13;  46c,  14;  47a,  14;  Ph.  258,  Ph.  264;  ibid.  83,  91; 
Eur.  frg.  392  Dind.,  Tusc.  3,  29  ;  Eur.  frg.  757  Dind.,  Tusc.  3, 
59;  Soph.  Trach.  1076;  Tusc.  2,  21;  Horn.  II.  9,  229,  Tusc. 
3,  65. 


32      Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek. 

9.  As  an  independent  verb,  sometimes  with  the  main  verb  of 
the  Greek  a  subordinate  in  translation.  18  exx.  Ph.  41  iroWr) 
(jxuvo/juevw  'JLXl/ct).  Ph.  42  late  videtur.  Tim.  35b  Stevec/jLev 
eKaarnv — fiefMy/JLevwv.  Tim.  7  partitus  est.  iam — temper avit. 
Ibid.  Oeiov  Xeyo/xevov — 7rapa8coacoy  11  divini  generis  appellen- 
tur ;  quorum  vobis  initium  satusque  tradetur  a  me.  Participle 
and  verb  are  sometimes  reversed  in  translation  j  e.  g.,  the  next 
two  exx.  Ph.  597  ftdXXei, — UapOevos  avreXXovaa.  Ph.  626 
depellens — exoritur  Virgo.  Soph.  Trach.  1061  KaOaipwv  iko/jlwv. 
Tusc.  2,  20  peragrans — ecferitatem  expuli.  Diog.  Laert.  9,  2 
igeftaXov  Xeyovres.  Tusc.  5,  105  quod,  cum — expel  lerent,  locuti 
sint.  Other  exx.  are  Tim.  28a,  Tim.  2  ;  ibid.  32c,  5  [2  exx.]  ; 
36b,  7;  38d,  9;  40d,  11;  Ph.  235,  Ph.  241;  Sext.  Emp.  9, 
123,  Nat.  De.  1,  116  ;  Diog.  Laert.  7,  107,  Fin.  3,  58. 

10.  The  participle  and  the  finite  verb  are  often  fused  in  trans- 
lation into  one  verb.  There  are  34  exx.  It  will  be  sufficient  to 
give  the  classes  of  verbs  which  suffer  this  change,  without  giving 
all  the  exx. 

(a)  Verbs  connected  in  meaning,  e.  g.  Tim.  30b  rovSe  vovv  pev 
ev  ^vxVy  ,yirvxhv  ^  *v  cm/acit'  ^vvkjtcl^  to  irav  ^vvereKTaCvero. 
Tim.  3  quocirca  intelligentiam  in  animo,  animum  inclusit  in 
corpore.  Horn.  II.  9,  236  fyaivasv  ao-Tpdwrei.  Div.  2,  82  Pros- 
pera  Iuppiter  his  dextris  fulguribus  edit  The  words  dextris 
fulguribus  help  out  the  sense,  so  this  passage  is  not  so  cogent. 
Ph.  271  /cal  8y  edero — ovpavov  elaayaycov.  Ph.  278  dicitur — in 
alto  sede  locasse.  Ibid.  85  eiriOXi^ei — fiefiw/cdK,  90  urguet. 
Tim.  30c  irepCXafibv  e%e*.  Tim.  4  particula  est.  Xen.  Cyr.  8,  7, 
20  Karat^ov/jLevoc  iroLelre  a  iyco  Seo/Jiai.     Cato  81  sic  me  colitote. 

(b)  Verbs  of  motion,  either  as  participle  or  as  finite  verb.  Ph. 
395  ieiSo/jLevoi,  ^opeovrac.  Ph.  419  late  lumina  fulgent.  Tim. 
42b  efc  tt)v — iropevdeU  ot/crjcriv, — efot.  Tim.  12  ad  ilium  astrum 
— revertetur. 

(c)  The  finite  verb  is  a  verb  of  perception.  This  is  antici- 
pating one  of  the  categories  of  the  participle,  but  it  affords  a 


Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek.      33 

means  of  disposing  of  a  few  cases  in  advance.  PI.  Ap.  40c 
/jLerafioXr) — rvy^avu  ova  a.  Tusc.  1,  97  migretur.  PI.  Menex. 
248a  xaipcov  ovre  Xvirovpievos — <f>avr}<reTai.  Tusc.  5,  36  neque 
laetabitur — nee  maerebit. 

(d)  2  exx.  with  yeyovev,  both  in  the  same  passage,  Tim.  33c, 
Tim.   6. 

DIVERGENCES    DUE   TO    TRANSLATION. 

Participle  =  1.  Consecutive  clause,  subj.  6  exx.  Tim.  29c. 
6fjLo\oyovfJLevovs  \6yovs  /cat  a7rr)fcpi/3(0fievov<;  cnrohovvai.  Tim.  3 
consequemur  ut  tota — oratio  sibi  constet.  This  ex.  might  perhaps 
be  put  under  the  preceding  category,  since  the  participles  and 
airoSovvat,  seem  to  fuse  in  translation.  Tim.  43b  ara/CTO)? 
irpoievai — t<z9  ef — Kivrja-evs  e%ov.  Tim.  13  movebatur  ut  sex 
motibus  veheretur.  Ibid.  32d  crvveo-Trjcrev — v7ro\a/3(bv,  Tim.  5 
conlocatae  sunt — ut  excederet.  36c  KareKafiyjrep — fwotyra?,  7  in- 
torsit  ut — iungerentur.  Diog.  Laert.  10,  22  Traprj/coXovd^Kec 
— irdOr) — v7T€p/3o\r)v  ov/c  anroXeliTOVTa  tov — /jbeyeOovs.  Fin.  2, 
96  aderant — ut  nihil — posset  accedere. 

2.  Final  clause  2  exx.  Diog.  Laert.  10,  18  avvoSov — els  ty)v 
— IxvriiLrjv  (caTaT€Tay/jLevwv.  Fin.  2,  101  dent  ad  epulas, — ut 
memoria  colatur ;  Ph.  267,  275. 

Future  Participle  of  Purpose. 

indirect  coincidence. 

Here  the  future  ptc.  =  a  present  ptc,  so  that  the  coincidence 
does  not  extend  to  the  tense.  1  ex.  Tim.  34c  o>?  Beawonv  /cal 
dp^ovaav  ap^ofjuevov  goveo-rrfaaro.  Tim.  7  eumque  ut  dominum 
atque  imperantem  oboedienti  praefecit  corpori. 

IDIOMATIC    DIVERGENCES. 

Participle  =  1.     Final  clause  1  ex.     PI.  Ap.  42a  cbpa  ainevacy 
ifiol  fiev  a7ro0avov/JL6va),  vplv  Be  /3l<o<to/jl€voi$     Tusc.  1  99  tempus 
est — abire,  me,  ut  moriar,  vos  ut  vitam  agatis. 
3 


34      Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek. 

2.  Relative  clause  of  design.  1  ex.  Tim.  43a  Bave^ofiepot 
fiopia  o>9  a7ro8odr)<r6/jLeva.  Tim.  13  particulas  quas  redderent, 
mutuabantur. 

Paeticiple  with  "ftSJIEP. 

IDIOMATIC    DIVERGENCE. 

Participle  =  1.  Subj.  with  tamquam.  1  ex.  PL  Rep.  328e 
trap  avrS)v  Sxrirep  riva  6Sbv  TrpoeXrfKvOorwv.  Cato  6  tamquam 
longam  aliquam  viam  confeceris. 

Participle  as  Predicate. 

indirect  coincidence. 

This  is  a  coincidence  in  form  only,  the  predicate  participle  of 
the  Greek  being  merely  an  ordinary  participle  in  the  Latin.  1  ex. 
Eur.  frg.  £18  Dind.  a/-i/3\u?  et/xt  ical  /caTvprvfccas  /ca/cwv.  Tusc. 
3,  67  subactus  miseriis  obtorpui. 

DIVERGENCES. 

Here  participle  and  copula  fuse  in  translation.  3  exx.  Tim. 
40c  07roloL  Twv  deoiv  kclt*  aKkrfkovs  yi<yv6/JL€V0t  zeal  bcroi  tcaravTifcpv 
[elac].  Tim.  10  eos  qui  prope  copulentur  contrariaque  regione. 
Ibid.  31b  ovpavbs  yeyovcos  ean,  4  deus — mundum  procreavit ;  33c 
TTvevfJid  re  ov/c  fy  TrepLearos.  6  neque  erant  anima  circumfusa. 

Participle  in  O.  O. 
I.    With  <w?,  giving  the  Ground. 

IDIOMATIC    DIVERGENCES. 

Participle  =  1.  Causal  clause,  with  indie.  2  exx.  Tim.  40e 
<w?  oUeia  <f)d<TKOvcriv — TncrrevTeov.  Tim.  11  sed  quia  de  suis  rebus 
vldentur  loqui, — parendum  est.  PL  Phaedrus  245e  e/jc^rvxov,  m 
Tavrns  ovcrns  <£wrea)<?  yfrvxfjs.  Tusc.  1,  54  nam  haec  est  propria 
natura  animi  atque  vis. 


Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek.       35 
II.   After  Verbs  of  Perception. 

DIRECT   COINCIDENCES. 

1  ex.  Soph.  Trach.  1073  ISelv  BeSpoKora.  Tusc.  221  quern 
vidit — ingemescentem. 

INDIRECT   COINCIDENCE. 

This  is  a  coincidence  in  form  only.  Ph.  161  /ce/cXifievov  Srjei,*;. 
Ph.  165  obductus  feretur. 

DIVERGENCES. 

Participle  =  1.  Infin.  O.  O.  6  exx.  Xen.  Cyr.  8,  7,  17 
avTrjv  o>5  ovaav  Kare<\xopaTe.  Cato  79  eum  esse  in  hoc  cor  pore 
intellegebatis.  Diog.  Laert.  10,  148  aa^dXetav — <f>CXiq  fidXiara 
fcarelBe  crvvreXovfievvv.  Fin.  1,  68  quae  perspexit — amicitiae  prae- 
sidium  esse  firmissimum.  Tim.  41a  oaovs  Xcr^ev — aheXObvs 
Xeyofievovs.  Tim.  11  quos  fratres — agnatosqne  usurjpari  atque 
appellari  videmus.  Ibid.  39c  ov/c  Xaaai  xpovov  ovra  ras  tovtcov 
7r\dva$,  9  nesciunt  hos  siderum  errores  id  ipsurn  esse  quod  rite 
dicitur  tempus  ;  28c  yiyvopieva  teal  yevvrjra  eefxivv.  Tim.  2  quae 
ortum  habere  gignique  diximus.  Ph.  617  a^orepov  Bvvovra  teal 
aviovra — OnevfieOa.  Ph.  649  quern  exstinetum  atque  exortum 
vidimus. 

2.  Indie,  in  temporal  or  relative  sentences.  2  exx.  Ph.  404 
tov — vtyoO'  eovTos  ireva-eat.  Ph.  429  cernes  Aram — quae  tranat. 
Xen.  Cyr.  8,  7,  21  fiovrj  ovre  irapovaa  ovre  airiovaa  opdrai. 
Cato  80  nee  cum  adest  nee  cum  discedit  apparet. 

3.  Subj.  indirect  question.  1  ex.  Xen.  Cyr.  8,  7,  20  SfjXd 
i<rTiv  maara  airiovra.  Cato  80  perspicuum  est  quo  quaeque 
discedat. 

-TEON    FORMS. 

COINCIDENCES. 

These  forms  are  translated  by  a  gerundive  in  6  exx. 


36       Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek. 

IDIOMATIC   DIVERGENCES. 

-reov  forms  =  subj.  imperative.  3  exx.  Tim.  28b  aKeTrreov, 
Tim.  2  consider  emus.  Ibid.  29b  Siopicrre'ov,  2  ;  47a  pnreov,  14 
explicetur. 


THE  TEASES. 


INDICATIVE   TENSES  [SPHERE    OF   TIME.] 

PRESENT  TENSE. 

COINCIDENCES. 

There  are  478  of  these;  420  universal  presents,  57  specific. 
There  is  one  historical  present  translated  by  a  present ;  the  only 
other  ex.  is  represented  by  a  perfect. 

DIVERGENCES. 

Present  =  1.  Future.  39  exx.  .  The  divergences  under  this 
head  are  due  to  either  (a)  differences  in  the  conception  of  time  or 
(b)  differences  in  vocabulary. 

(<z)  22  exx.  These  are  translations  of  universal  presents,  good 
for  all  time ;  hence  the  future  is  admissible  as  a  rendering.  Ph. 
291—292  oi  8'  aXeyetvol  rrjfjLos  eirippr^acrovai  vorot.  Ph.  301  at 
validis  aequor  pulsabit  viribus  Auster.  Ibid.  293  Tore  Se  tcpvos 
ifc  Ato'9  eaTLV  vavrrj  /jloXklocovti  Ka/ca)TaTov,  302  turn  fixum  tremulo 
quatietur  frigore  corpus ;  303  arj/jia  Be  tol  Kelvn^  coprjs  ical  finvb? 
i/ceivov,  315  hoc  signum  veniens  poterunt  praenoscere  nautae;  422 
avri/c'  i\a<fip6repos  ireXerat  irovo^,  441  tuto  latere  per  undas.  PL 
A  p.  40e  el  ovv  tolovtov  6  Odvaros  icrnv.  Tusc.  1,  97  si  similis 
futura  est  perpetuitas  omnis  consequentis  temporis.     Xen.  Cyr.  8, 


Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek.      37 

7,  22  el 7)  yjrv^r]  ev  t&>  orcofjiarc  crvvcnro6vr)cncei.      Cato  81  sin 

— est  interiturus  animus  cum  corpore.  Tim.  41c  teal  ica6'  oaov — 
6fjL<bvv/j,ov  elvai  irpoarjKet — 7rapa8(ocr(o.  Tim.  11  in  quibus  qui 
tales  creabuntur,  ut — gentiles  esse  debeant.  Xen.  Cyr.  8,  7,  17 
elSevcu — &)?  ov8ev  el/M  eyco  en.  Cato  79  arbitrari — me — nusquam 
aut  nullum  fore.  Similarly  Ph.  289,  Ph.  298  ;  ibid.,  491,  508- 
511;  622-623,  654;  608-609,  640;  289,  298;  PL  Ap.  41d, 
Tusc.  1.  99  ;  Tim.  28b,  Tim.  2 ;  ibid.  29c,  3 ;  41c,  11,  (2  exx.) ; 
41e,  12;  PL  Rep.  572a,  Div.  1,  61. 

(6)  This  class  of  divergences  occurs  when  the  verb  of  the 
Greek  is  replaced  in  the  Latin  by  a  verb  denoting  perception. 
The  17  exx.  are  all  from  the  Aratea.  Ph.  402-403  \nry — icevTp<p — 
^KopirCov — Ovrrjptov  alaypeiTdL.  Ph.  427—428  Nepae  eernes  prop- 
ter acumen  aram.  Ibid.  397—398  eh  pev  vir — irodlv  koXo^  re 
fjie'yas  re  "Thpo'xpov,  420  unum  sub  magnis  pedibus  cernetur 
Aquari ;  255—256  8'  ov  fidXa  77-0W0?  airdaa^  %<w/oo?  ep^et,  262 
parvos  Vergilias  tenui  cum  luce  videbis.  Similarly  ibid.  147, 
151.  In  a  number  of  cases  an  infin.  or  ptc.  follows  the  verb  of 
seeing.      Ph.   468   arap  fierpco  <ye  Bvco  Bvalv  avTL<t>epovrac.      Ph. 

488  atque  pari  spatio  duo  eernes  esse  duobus.  Ibid.  498  irevre 
p,ev  evhia  (rrpe^erai  tcaO'  virepTepa  jains,  515-516  invenies  supero 
convertier  orbe  quinque  pari  spatio.  Similarly  ibid.  247,  253  ; 
254-255,  261-262;  308,  321;  359-360,389-390;  361,393- 
394;  362-363,  394-395;  364-365,  396;  389-391,  414-416; 
465-485. 

2.  Imperfect.  8  exx.  2  only  of  these  are  indicatives.  Tim. 
29e  elal  8e  rerrape^.  Tim.  10  erant  quattuor.  Ibid.  42a  7rpcoTov 
fiev  ala-Qna-iv  avay/caiov  eln  filav — ytyvecrOcu,  12  principio  necesse 
erat  sensum  exsistere.  The  opt.  here  is  due  to  O.  O.  and  repre- 
rents  an  original  indie.  In  these  2  exx.,  Plato,  in  describing  a 
past  event  mentions  a  universal  truth,  which  has  always  held  good 
and  which  admits  a  present  tense;  but  Cicero  chose  rather  to 
regard  the  whole  thing  as  past ;  hence  the  imperfect. 

Modal  exx.  These  6  are  due  to  sequence  or  to  the  freedom  of 
the   translation.     PI.    Rep.  329B-C    "  irm"   efyn,   a>  ^o^o/cXet?, 


38       Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek. 

e%«5  7r/)o?  ra  a^pohlcna ;  Cato  47  quidam — quaereret,  utereturne 
rebus  veneriis.  Diog.  Laert.  10,  139  iv  aaOevel  yap  irav  to 
toiovtov.  Nat.  De.  1,  45  exposita — est — id — neque  gratia  neque 
ira  teneri,  quod  quae  talia  essent,  imbecilla  essent  omnia.  Sext. 
Emp.  adv.  Math.  2,  7  ora>  Sca^epei  Or.  113  solebat  demonstrare 
quid — interesset.  PL  Gorg.  447c  ipcorav  6  ti  rt?  BovXono.  De. 
Or.  3.  129  ausus  est  poscere  qua  de  re  quisque  vellet  audire.  The 
translation  is  very  free  in  PL  Ap.  41a,  OeXco  redvavai,  Tusc.  1.  98 
emori — vellem;  ibid.  41e  ov — ol  eicei  air oktclv overt,  Tusc.  1,  98 
nee capite  damnarer. 

3.  Perfect.  36  exx.  Most  of  the  presents  thus  translated  are 
universal  presents,  which  hold  good  for  all  time ;  and,  broadly 
speaking,  all  such  translations  might  on  this  ground  be  accounted 
for.  We  find  that  most  of  the  presents  translated  by  perfects  are 
of  verbs  denoting  position  or  condition,  often  with  certain  changes 
of  phraseology,  which  help  to  explain  the  rendering.  The 
translations  under  this  category  may  be  said  to  be  due,  (a)  to  the 
nature  of  the  verb  or  to  the  general  context,  or  (b)  to  the  change 
in  grammatical  construction  incident  to  translation. 

(a)  Here  we  may  cite :  Diog.  Laert.  10,  148  &v  r\  ao<f>Ca 
irapaa-Kevd^erai.  Fin.  1,  65  dicit  omnium  rerum,  quas — sapientia 
comparaverit,  nihil  esse.  Horn.  II.  7,  89  fiev  r68e  cr\p,a.  Gl.  1. 
ii,  hie  situs  est — qui,  etc.  Ph.  573-574  tj/mo-v,  S'  7]8n  ko-yanaX 
j3d\Xov(n  /carepxofAevov  ^reefxivoto.  Ph.  600  atque  alio  de  parte 
revolsa  est.  Ibid.  510  ra  Se  irevre  Karcopv^a  8tvevovraLy  529  huic 
orbi  quinque  tributae  [sunt]  nocturnae  partes  ;  406—407  fiertfopot 
elai  iciXevOot  'A/o/ctov/jo),  431-432  Arcturo — dedit  orbem  luppiter; 
571  avrov  Ka/ceivos  2,re(f>avo<; — v7roo~Tpe<f>eTai,  73  hie  ilia  eximio 
posita  est  fulgore  Corona.  Xen.  Oec,  4,  25  ayaObs  yap  wv  avrjp 
evSaLfJboveU.  Cato  59  quoniam  virtuti  tuae  fortuna  coniunda  est. 
Eur.  frg.  818  Dind.  vvv  S'  d/z/3\v?  el/M.  Tusc.  3,  67  obtorpui. 
Ar.  H.  A.  9,  6  ev^Kprfrrj  ((xktL  Nat.  De.  2,  126  auditum  est.  PL 
245  ov  pa  re  ical  (rvvBeo-fiov  vnrovpdviov  KaXeovcnv.  Ph.  251  quern 
veteres  soliti    [sunt]   caelestem  dicere  Nodum.     Ibid.  508-509, 


Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek.      39 

TpeireraC  ye   fiev   avrov   xet/JLepios,    528-529    exinde    in    superas 
brumali  tempore  flexus  se  recipit  sedes ;  58,  Xogbv  £'  ecrrl  Kaprj  \ 
60,  obstipum  caput  et  tereti  cervice  reflexum;  317-318  tcl  he  oi 
irepl    reaaapa    fceirai,    334-335    praeter    quadruplicis    Stellas   in 
fronte  locatas.     Prog.  319   rparXoa  he  ayivo*;  Kveei.     Prog.  322- 
323  gravata  lentiscus  triplici  solita  grandescere  fetu.     Similarly 
Ph.  147,  152;  ibid.   147-152;  172-173,  178;  271-272,279 
355-360,  385;  398,  421-422;  405,  430;  407,  432;  538,  557 
616-649.     Eur.  frg.  757  Dind.,  Tusc.  3,  59  ;  Tim.  28c,  Tim.  2 
ibid.  34b,  7;  Ar.  Rh.  3,  8,  De  Or.  3,  183. 

(b)  All  the  exx.  under  this  head  are  due  to  the  rules  for  ante- 
cedent action  with  relative  and  temporal  clauses,  with  two 
exceptions,  which  will  be  noted.  Ph.  469-471  otc — aa-repa? — 
eiriheUvvjai — vvj;,  ovhe  ris  ahpavecov  (f>epercu.  Ph.  490—491  cum 
neque — detersit  sidera  nubes,  nee — stellas  superavit — Luna.  Ibid. 
286  iva  re  Tpeirer'  rjeXtov  l'?,  294  quern  cum — vestivit  lumine 
Titan ;  557—558  oaov  re  irep  tj/jlktv  /cv/cXov — aeiperac  iajtoBl 
yaLT)?,  585-586  quod  supera  terras — relictum  est.  Ar.  Rh.  1,  2, 
5  oca  hla  tt)?  fiedohov  kcll  hi  tj/jlcov  tcaTacrfcevaao~6ai,  hvvarov.  De 
Or.  2,  116-117  quae  in  disputatione  et  in  argumentatione  oratoris 
collocata  est.  Horn.  Od.  12,  188  a\X  6  ye — velrai.  Pin.  5,  49 
nemo — quin — ad  patrias  lapsus  pervenerit  oras.  To  be  noted 
especially  are  PI.  Ap.  41c  XPV — fMXpi$B$  elvai.  Tusc.  1,  98 
ne — timueritis.  See  for  a  discussion  of  this  translation  Am.  Jour. 
Ph.  15,  320.  The  other  ex.  is  an  historical  present.  Tim.  40a, 
tlOtjctl.     Tim.  10  effecit. 

4.  Fut.  perfect.  2  exx.  Both  are  due  to  the  rules  for  ante- 
cedent action.  PL  323-324  6  T^—irapepx^ai.  Ph.  345-346 
qui — dispersum  non  viderit.  Diog.  Laert.  9,  2  el  Be  Tt?  toiovtos. 
Tusc.  5,  105  sin  quis  exstiterit. 


40      Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek. 
IMPERFECT   TENSE. 

COINCIDENCES. 

There  are  48  of  these. 

DIVERGENCES. 

Imperfecta  1.  Present.  6  exx.  Horn.  II.  2,  307  66ev  peev 
ayXaov  vScop.  Div.  2,  63  fons  unde  emanat  aquai.  This  present 
is  not  historical,  but  in  vividness  it  produces  the  effect  of  an 
historical  present.  The  two  other  non-modal  presents  in  transla- 
tion are  verbs  of  saying.  Ph.  637-638  ol  fuv  ecfxivro  ek/crjcrai 
ireTrXoio.  Ph.  672—673  fama  vagatur  ut  quondam  Orion  manibus 
violasse  Dianam  dicitur.  Tim.  40d  &>?  ecpacrav.  Tim.  11  ut 
aiunt.     efyacrav  here  is  aoristic. 

The  presents  remaining  are  due  to  the  Latin  idiom,  as  well  as 
to  the  character  of  the  translation.  Horn.  II.  3,  213  MeveXaog 
— ayopevev.  Brut.  50  tradit  Homerus  Menelaum — dicentem. 
Horn.  II.  2,  305-306  epBofiev—e/carofji^.  Div.  2.  63  nos— 
placantes  numina.  In  both  these  examples,  the  use  of  the 
participle  makes  the  present  obligatory.  In  the  last  ex.  remain- 
ing, are  infin.  in  O.  O.,  the  verb  of  saying  expresses  the  past 
action,  not  the  infinitive.  Arist.  Ach.  530  Tjarpairrev,  e/3p6vra, 
%vi>efcv/ca  ttjv  rE\XaSa.  Or.  29  fulgere  tonare,  permiscere  Grae- 
ciam  [dictus  esset] . 

2.  Aoristic  perfect.  24  exx.  Cicero  shows  in  his  translations  a 
strong  tendency  toward  this  rendering  of  the  imperfect.  A  few 
of  the  exx.  may  be  disposed  of  in  advance.  Tim.  30a  Oepus  ovr 
tjv  ovt  ecTTi.  Tim.  3  fas  autem  nee  est  nee  unquam  fuit.  Plut. 
Cous.  ad  Ap.  109  ov/c  r)v  yap.  Tusc.  1,  115  sic  fuit.  In 
both  these  exx.  rjv  has  to  serve  for  both  imperfect  and  aorist, 
which  it  can  easily  do.  Interesting  is  Tim.  35c  ^vveirXvpovTo. 
Tim.  7  instituit  explere.  The  imperfect  here  is  inceptive,  and 
hence  is  rightly  translated. 

Sundry  modal  translations  have  the  perf.  on  account  of  the 


Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's   Translations  from  the  Greek.      41 

Latin  idiom.  Thus  in  2  cases  the  perf.  infin.  represents  an  impf. 
indie,  of  the  original  O.  R.  Isoc.  Panath.  2  irepl  iiceivovs 
iirpayfjLarevofjLnv.  Or.  38  Isocrates  ea  se  studiose  consectatum 
fatetur.  Horn.  II.  9,  438  p?  eire^ire — UnXev<;.  De  Or.  3,  57  se 
a  Peleo — esse  datum.  Other  modal  perfs.  due  to  sequence  are  2 
in  number.  Tim.  28c  roSe — liner  Keirreov  —  77730?  irorepov — 
a7r€ip<yd£eTo.  Tim.  2  videndum — utrum  sit  imitatus  exemplar. 
Ibid.  29a  crafyh  on  [efiXeirev]  77790?  to  d'i'Siov,  2  non  igitur  dubi- 
um  quin  aeternitatem  maluerit  exsequi. 

There  remain  the  non-modal  translations,  of  which  there  are 
17  exx.  Tim.  40a  evicvicXov  eiroUi.  Tim.  10  ad  volubilitatem 
rotundavit.  Ibid.  33d  ov/c  <pero  Seiv  avTw  irpocrdiTTeiVy  6  nee 
affixit ;  33c  aTrn/cpifiovTO,  6,  circumdedit  levitate ;  35b  acjzypei, 
7,  detraxit.  Horn.  II.  2,  3215  /cdX%o$  8'  avrCic  eiretra — dyopevev. 
Div.  2,  64  turn  Calchas  haec  est  locutus.  Ibid.  2,  330  tceivos  tw? 
ayopeve,  2,  64  edidit  haec  Calchas.  Ph.  591  Kap/civa)  6W  ehvovro. 
Ph.  617  quae  Cancer  praeclaro  detulit  ortu.  Ibid.  657-658  eVel 
ov/c  dp'  epeXXev  eKeCvy  AaptBi  /cat  Yiavoirrj — lawaaaOaL,  699  cum 
quibus — ansa  est  contendere  for  mas.  Similarly  Tim.  29a,  2 ; 
ibid.  35b,  7,  2  exx. ;  36b,  7  •  41b,  11  ;  Horn.  II.  2,  320,  Div.  2, 
64  ;  ibid.  2,  304  j  2,  63. 

3.  Pluperfect.  5  exx.  Two  only  of  these  are  indicatives. 
Both  are  passive,  and  in  these  the  participle  may  be  considered  an 
adjective.  Tim.  43a  Seo-fiols  —  oh  avroi  1t;vveiyovTQ.  Tim.  3 
vinculis — quibus  ipsi  erant  conligati.  Ibid.  33c  vireXelirero,  6 
quia — relietum  erat.  Note,  however,  the  vTreXeiirro  of  MS.  A, 
which  might  stand  for  imeXeXeLTTTo.  The  string  of  imperfects 
in  the  entire  passage  militates  nevertheless  against  such  a  reading 
here.  The  exx.  remaining  are  modal.  Eur.  frg.  818  Dind.  el 
[lev  to'S'  rj/Jiap  irpwrov  r}v,  /cal  fxr)  fia/cpdv  8rj — evavaroXovv.  Tusc. 
3,  67  si — nunc  tristis  primum  inluxisset  dies  nee  tarn  aerumnoso 
navigavissem  solo.  Tim.  36c  rbv  pev  efa>,  top  S'  eWo?  eTroielro 
T&v  kvkXcov.  Tim.  7  cum  alterum  esset  exteriorem,  alterum 
interiorem  amplexus  orbem. 


42      Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek. 


FUTURE   TENSE. 

COINCIDENCES. 

There  are  22  of  these. 

DIVERGENCES. 

Future  =  1.  Present.  6  exx.  In  2,  a  periphrasis  is  employed 
to  express  futurity.  Tim.  32a  elvcu  ^v/Aftr/aerat.  Tim.  5  neces- 
sitas  cogit  ut  eadem  sint  ea,  quae,  etc.  Ibid,  irdvra  earai,  officitur 
ut — sint  Another  ex.  is  a  future  in  a  relative  clause  denoting 
purpose,  which  in  the  Latin,  with  primary  sequence,  becomes  a 
present  subj.  PL  Phaedrus  245e  e%eti>  oOev  /avnOevra  yevrjo-ercu. 
Tusc.  1,  54  qua  a  prima  impulsa  moveatur.  The  2  exx.  remain- 
ing show  an  infin.  O.  O. ;  one  is  due  to  the  freedom  of  transla- 
tion, the  other  is  a  prophetic  present.  PI.  Epin.  992a  Sea/Jib?  yap 
7r€<£twa)9  irdvTcov  tovtcov  eh  ava^avrjcrerai.  De  Or.  3,  21  omnem 
doctrinam — uno — vinculo  contineri.  Xen.  Cyr.  8,  7,  20  ov&e  ye 
o7tg)?  a<f)p(ov  earat  rj  yjrvxv — ireir  eta  fiat.  Cato  80  nee  vero  turn 
animum  esse  insipientem.  Note  finally  the  use  of  an  imperative 
to  represent  the  protasis  of  a  conditional  clause.  PL  Ap.  40e — 
41a  el  <ydp  rt? — evp^aet  tow  &>?  ak-qOm  &t,/cao~Td<;.     Tusc.  1,  98 

tene — ad  eos  venire,  qui — iudices  appellentur. 

2.  Future  perfect.  2  exx.  One  is  due  to  the  Latin  idiom, 
which  requires  a  tense  of  antecedent  action.     Eur.  Med.  352  et 

a* Xafnras  oyfrerat  deov.     Ep.  Att.  6,  26  si  te  lumine  hie 

offendero.  In  the  other  the  Latin  point  of  view  is  different.  The 
opt.  here  is  due  to  O.  O.,  and  represents  an  original  indicative. 
Tim.  42b  a>v  el  p,ev  /cpaTrjo-eiav,  iv  Sitcy  fiubcroivTO.  Tim.  12  quos 
qui  ratione  rexerit,  iuste  vixerit. 

AORIST  TENSE. 

COINCIDENCES. 

The  aorist  of  the  Greek  is  represented  by  the  perfect  of  the 
Latin  in  102  cases ;  of  which  77  are  aoristic,  25  may  be  classed 
as  pure  perfects. 


Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek.       43 


DIVERGENCES. 

Aorist.  =  1.  Present.  8  exx.  In  3  cases  there  is  a  change 
in  phraseology  which  justifies  the  change  in  translation.     Soph. 

Trach.  1062-1063  yvvrj  Be fiovn  fie  Brj  Ka6eT\e.     Tusc.  2,  20 

sed  feminae  vir  feminea  interimor  manu.  Tim.  32c  fyiklav  re 
ea")(ev  etc  tovtcov.  Tim.  5  ex.  quo  ipse  se — amicitia  et  caritate 
complectitur.  Horn.  II.  2,  326-327  o>?  ovto<;  Kara  re/cva  <f>dye — 
teal  avTrjv.  Div.  2,  64  nam,  quot  avis  taetro  mactatas  dente 
videtis.  Cf.  a  similar  use  of  a  verb  of  perception  in  translation, 
pp.  32-33.  Another  ex.  is  very  free  :  PI.  Ap.  40d  ev  rj  ovtco  /car 
-eBapdev  ware  finBe  ovap  IBelv.  Tusc.  1,  97  somno,  qui  non 
nunquam  etiam  sine  visis  somniorum,  placatissimam  quietem 
adfert.  Another  ex.  is  with  ecjyrj,  which  is  aoristic  in  meaning. 
PI.  Gorg.  447c  e$n  airoKpivelcrQai.  De  Or.  3,  129  se  dicturum 
esse  prqfUetur.  The  latter  may  be  taken  as  a  present  of  quotation. 
In  still  another  an  aorist  in  form  is  a  present  in  meaning.  Eur. 
frg.  757  Dind.  e<f>v  fiev  ovSefc.  Tusc.  3,  59  nemo  est.  Finally 
an  aorist  is  translated  by  an  historical  present.  Ph.  641  rj  Se  ol 
efavTr)?  eireTelXaro  dnplov  aXko — ^Kopirlov.  Ph.  681-682 
quibus  ingenti  exsistit  cum  corpore  prae  se. 

2.  Imperfect.  3  exx.  These  are  all  modal  and  due  to  the 
construction  in  translation.  Diog.  Laert.  9,  2  oinves — i%e/3a\ov 
\eyovres.  Tusc.  5,  105  quod,  cum — expellerenty  locuti  sint. 
The  imperf.  here  denoting  continued  action,  is  really  a  translation, 
syntactically,  of  Xeyovres,  and  is  thus  to  be  explained.  Tim.  39d 
ra>v  dcrrpcov  oaa — eV^e  r/0O7ra?.  Tim.  9  nota  astra  sunt  quae — 
converterent.  Ibid.  33a  Sid  ttjv  alriav — ereKTrfvaro,  5  rationem 
habuit  ut  absolveret. 

3.  Pluperfect.  2  exx.  The  rules  for  antecedent  action  cause 
this  change.  Horn.  II.  2,  318  k  irep  e$nvev.  Div.  2,  64  qui 
luci  edideraL  Xen.  Oec.  4,  20  ore  rj\6ev.  Cato  59  cum  Lysan- 
der — venisset. 


44      Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek. 
GNOMIC  AORIST, 

COINCIDENCES. 

In  2  exx.  the  gnomic  aorist  is  represented  by  a  gnomic  perfect. 

DIVERGENCES. 

Aorist  =  Perfect.  4  exx.  Ph.  335  ical  ra  p,ev  eppcoaev,  t&v 
8e  (f>Xoov  a>Xeae  irdvra.  Ph.  360-361  nam — haec — mulcet  at 
quorum  nequeunt  radices  findere  terras  denuded — ramos.  Ibid. 
266-267  6  afyiat — ar)\xalveiv  i/ceXevaev,  273-275  propterea  quod 
— admonet  ut  mandent,  etc.  Tim.  46c  rovro  vtttlov  iirolvae  tcclv 
<j>alvea6cu.     Tim.  14  supina  etiam  ora  cernuntur. 

PERFECT   TENSE. 

COINCIDENCES. 

There  are  28  in  number. 

DIVERGENCES. 

Perfect  =1.  Present.  Just  as  the  Greek  present  is  frequently- 
rendered  by  the  perfect  in  Latin,  so  the  perfect  is  in  turn  rendered 
by  the  present,  and  under  much  the  same  circumstances.  Most 
of  the  30  perfects  thus  translated  are  passives.  PL  Menex.  247e 
e£  tov  r\   ev  rj  /c<z/e&>?  wpa^dvrcov   rrXavaaOai  rjvdry/caarcu   /cal   ra 

eicelvov.  Tusc.  5,  36  cui  viro  nee  aliorum  aut  bono  casu  aut 
contrario  pendere  ex  alterius  eventis  et  errare  coguntur.  Ar.  Ph. 
1,  2,  5  oaa  /jltj  81  ^/jlcjv  irerropiarai.  De  Or.  2,  116-117  quae 
non  excogitantur  ab  oratore.  Ph.  234-236  to  &  eVl  rpialv 
eardQ\inrai  AeXrcorbv  irXevpyaiv.  Ph.  239  Deltoton  dicere  Graii 
quod  soliti,  simili  quia  forma  littera  claret.  Ibid.  276-277  ra  8e 
ol  irrepa  rerprj^vvrat,  aarpdaiv ;  284—285  altera  nee  parvis  nee 
claris  lucibus  ardet;  162-163  a/caap  8'  eXeXr/Xarac  eo/ift)  Ai'f  leprj, 
167    at    Capra    laevum    umerum    clara    obtinet ;    311     earl — 


Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek,      45 

/3ej3\r}/jLevo<;  aWos  'O lottos.  325  vacans  fulgens  iacet  una  Sagitta. 
Other  exx.  of  passives  are  Soph.  Trach.  1075,  Tusc.  2,  21 ;  Ath. 
Deip.  8,  p.  336,  Tusc.  5,  101 ;  Ph.  205-206,  Ph.  209  ;  ibid.  230, 
235;  251,  257;  283-284,  290;  322-323,  343-344;  329-330, 
353 ;  351-352,  381-382 ;  440-442,  455-456  ;  526-527,  547  ; 
556,  584. 

Of  non-passive  perfects  may  be  quoted  Tim.  46e  ttjv  8vva/juv 
7}v  vvv  ei\r)Xev  elpr^aOco.  Tim.  14  earn  vim  quam  nunc  habent. 
Ibid.  30d  oo~a  re  aWa  dpefifiara  ^vvearntcev  opard,  4  omnia  quae 
sub  aspectum  cadunt:  40b  ef  rjs  8r)  tyjs  air  las  yeyovev,  10  ex  quo 
genere  ea  sunt  Similarly  ibid.  46d,  14.  Some  verbs  which  are 
perfect  in  form  only  are  translated  by  presents.  Ph.  82  a/uL^orepat 
S'  "0(/mo?  ireTToveCarai,  Ph.  86  hie  pressu  duplici  palmarum  conti- 
net  Auguem.  Similarly  for  free  translations  of  ire^vKe  used 
with  infin.  or  ptc.  see  Tim  42b,  Tim.  12 ;  ibid.  31c,  4 ;  PI.  Legg. 
958e,  Legg.  2,  67.  See  also  Xen.  Cyr.  8,  7,  19,  Cato  80 ;  Soph. 
Trach.  1071-1072,  Tusc.  2,  21 ;  ibid.  1054,  2,  20. 

2.  Imperfect.  2  exx.  Both  are  modal ;  one  is  due  to 
sequence,  the  other  is  perhaps  too  free  for  comparison,  Tim.  40c 
ogoi  ivrbs  ovpdvov  yeyovacri.  Tim.  10  qui  intra  caelum  gigneren- 
tur.  Ibid.  33c  irapeypv — irda^pv — Spcov — yeyovev,  6  cum  ipse 
per  se  et  a  se  et  pateretur  et  faceret  omnia. 

FUTURE  PERFECT  TENSE. 

DIVERGENCES. 

Future  perfect  =  1.  Future  periphrastic.  1  ex.  Tim.  42a 
6 — k€kXt)(toito    avrjp.     Tim.    12    eorum    qui    essent   futuri   viri. 

The  opt.  here  is  due  to  sequence. 

2.  Perfect.  1  ex.  Tim.  31a  el  irep  Kara  to  TrapdSetyfia 
SeSwfJuovpywfJLevos  ea-rac.  Tim.  4  unus  profecto,  si  quidem  /actus 
est  ad  exemplum. 


46       Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek. 
PLUPERFECT  TENSE. 

COINCIDENCES. 

There  are  3  in  number. 

DIVERGENCES. 

Pluperfect  ===  1.  Imperfect.  Diog.  Laert.  10,  22  arpayyovpia 
re  irap7j/co\ov07]/cei.  Fin.  2,  96  tanti  aderant  vesicae  et  torminum 
morbi. 

Indicative  with  vAN. 

historical  tenses. 
IMPERFECT  TENSE. 

COINCIDENCES. 

Here  the  imperf.  indie,  with  av  =  imperf.  subj.  in  4  cases. 
AORIST  TENSE. 

IDIOMATIC   DIVERGENCES. 

Here  the  pluperfect  subj.  is  the  idiomatic  variant.     The  2  exx. 
are  PI.  Rep.  330a,  Cato  81 ;  Tim.  47a,  Tim.  14. 

DIVERGENCES. 

Aorist  ==  Imperfect  indie.     1  ex.  due  to  translation.    Tim.  34c 
ov  yap  av — gvvepgas  etaaev.     Tim.  6  neque  esset  rectum. 


Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek.       47 

MODAL   TENSES    [KIND   OF   TIME]. 

PRESENT  TENSE. 
A.    Subjunctive. 

1.  Subjunctive  imperative  [opt.  sequence]. 

COINCIDENCES. 

There  are  2  exx. 

II.    Subj.  with  av  [opt.  of  sequence]. 

COINCIDENCES. 

There  are  15  of  these.  See  the  corresponding  section  on  the 
moods,  page  12. 

DIVERGENCES. 

Present  =  1.  Imperfect.  Both  exx.  are  modal,  and  due  to 
the  Latin  construction.  In  one  ex.,  a  passage  in  O.  O.,  spoken 
in  the  past  is  changed  in  the  Latin  to  O.  R.  in  the  past ;  hence 
the  imperfect  with  cum,  denoting  continuance,  and  thus  parallel- 
ing the  present  of  the  Greek.  Tim.  42a  ottotc — to  /xev  irpocnoi, 
to  &  airiot,.  Tim.  12  cumque  ad  corpora  turn  accessio  fieret,  turn 
abscessio.  In  the  second  ex.,  the  imperfect  is  due  to  sequence,  and 
represents  the  present  in  O.  O.  Xen.  Cyr.  8,  7,  19  ov  eirelaOnv 
eW  fiev  av  iv  Ovrjra)  o-w/jlcitl  rj,  £rj.  Cato  80  non  potuit  persuaderi 
dum  in  corporibus  essent  mortalibus,  vivere. 

2.  Future.  4  exx.  This  is  the  regular  approximation  of  the 
Latin  to  the  anticipatory  form  of  the  Greek.  Tim.  29c  eav — 
irapex^ueOa  el/coras,  ayairdv  XPV>  Tim.  3  contentique  esse 
debebitis,  si  probabilia  dicentur.  Ibid.  28a  orov — av  6  Srjuiovpybs 
— rr)v  iheav  avrov  /cat  Svva/uv — aTrepjd^vTaL,  Ka\bv — aTToreXelcrOai 
ttolvj  2  si  is — earn  speciem  intuebitur  atque  id  sibi  proponet  exem- 
plar,— efficiat  necesse  est.  PI.  Phaedo  115c  oVo)?  av — fiov\r)o-6e, 
edvirep,     Tusc.  1,  103  ut  tibi  videbitur,  sepelito. 

3.  Perfect.  In  3  cases  this  tense  is  indicative,  following  the 
iterative  principle.     There  are  4  exx.  in  all  under  this  category. 


48       Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek, 

Horn.  Od.  18,  137  olov  eir  rj/iap  ayyai,,  warr/p.  Aug.  Civ.  Dei. 
5,  8  quali  pater — lustravit  lumine  terras.  Tim.  37a  orav  ovalav 
cr^eSaa-rrjv  e^ovros  twos  efyairTVTai  /cal  orav  a/jLepiarov,  \eyet. 
Tim.  8  cum  materiam  mutabilem  adripuit  et  cum  rursus  indi- 
viduam  atque  simplicem, — movetur.  Ph.  569  ore  ~Kap/civo$ 
avreWrjaiv.  Ph.  596-597  Tarn  simul  ac  primum  supero  se 
lumine  Cancer  extulit.  A  perf.  ptc.  passive  is  in  the  ex.  remaining. 
PL  Legg.  256  B  oaairep  av  ev  p,ia  %(oypd<j)o<;  rj/Jiepa  eh  airoreXfi. 
Legg.  2,  45  ab  uno  pictore  uno  absolutae  die. 

4.  Future  perfect.  The  same  principle  as  above  governs. 
2  exx.  PL  Legg.  956a  6  tl  av  e6e\rj  tj?  avaTiderco.  L>Qgg-  2, 
45  quodcumque  quis — voluerit — dicato.  PL  Rep.  57 Id  orav — 
vyieiv&s  rt?  e%r) — /cal  o-axfrpovcos  ical  eh  rbv  vttvov  lt).  Dio.  1,  61 
at  qui — quieti  se  tradiderit. 

5.  Pluperfect  (opt.  seq.).  1  ex.  This  is  modal  and  due  to 
sequence.  Eur.  frg.  392  Dind.  %v  el  ri  irda^oi^ — fitf  /jlol  vecoph 
irpoa-ireabv  naWov  Sd/coi.  Tusc.  3,  29  ut  si  qua  invecta  diritas 
casaforet,  ne  me  imparatum  cura  laceraret  repens. 

III.  Subjunctive  in  final  clauses  [opt.  of  sequence].  Since 
the  Latin  tenses  in  this  construction  are  dependent  wholly  on 
sequence,  no  comparisons  need  be  made. 

B.    Optative. 
I.    Imperative  optative. 

COINCIDENCES. 

There  are  3  exx. 

II.    Potential  Optative. 

COINCIDENCES. 


There  are  19  exx. 


DIVERGENCES. 


Present  =  1.  Future  Indie.  3  exx.  The  exx.  under  this 
head  have  all  been  given  in  the  preceding  section  on  the  moods ; 
hence  they  will  be  cited  here  in  as  brief  a  form  as  possible.     Ph. 


Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek.       49 

248-249  7roSe? — eiricn^aivoiev  Hepcreos.  Ph.  254  e  pedibus — 
Persea  vises.  Ibid.  304  ^Kopirios  avreXkcov  ecrj,  316-317  licebit 
visere  ;  559-560  ov  /cev  aTroftXwrov — elv,  588  Si — aves — cognos- 
cere  cursus,  ortus  signorum — vises. 

2.  Imperfect.  2  exx.  This  is  a  subj.  potential  of  the  past. 
PL  Phaedrus  245d  ov/c  av  ef  apXl?  yiyvoiro.  Tusc.  1,  54  nee 
enim  esset  id  principium.  PI.  Ap.  41a-b  eirel  efiotye  koX  avrq* 
0av\xa(7T7)  av  ecrj  f)  SiarpiBrj  avroOt.  Tusc.  1,  98  quanta  delecta- 
tione  autem  adficerer. 

III.   Optative  with  el  and  Allied  Constructions. 

COINCIDENCES. 

1  ex.  only. 

DIVERGENCES. 

Present.  —  1.  Future.  5  exx.  The  use  of  the  future  in  such 
constructions  has  been  mentioned  in  treating  of  the  moods,  p.  20. 
PI.  431—432  el  Be  tcev  ecrireplr)?  fiev  &\6<;  Kevravpov  airein  c5/zo? 
ocrov  Trporeprjs.  PL  447  sin  umeros  medio  in  caelo  Centaurus 
habebit.  Similarly  the  whole  passage  ibid.  431-434,  447-449  ; 
also  563-564,  591. 

2.  Imperfect.  1  ex.  The  ideal  condition  of  the  Greek 
becomes  the  unreal  of  the  Latin.  PL  Phaedrus  245d  el  yap  e/c 
rov  apyj]  yiyvoiro.  Tusc.  1,  54  quod  gigneretur  aliunde.  The 
imperfect  as  a  tense  of  continuance  here  parallels  the  present. 

C.   Imperative. 

No  comparisons  can  be  made  when  the  Latin  translates  an 
imperative  by  an  imperative,  so  far  as  tenses  go.  But  when  any 
other  mood  is  used  in  the  Latin,  we  have  9  coincidences. 

DIVERGENCES. 

Present  ==  Future    indie.       2    exx.       Tim.    4 Id    airepyd^ecrOe 
^&a   /ecu   yevvdre.     Tim.   11    attexitote :    ita   orientur  animantes. 
4 


50      Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek. 

Ph.  246  'Av&po/JLeSrjs  Be  tol  o>/ao?  apiarepbs  'I^#uo?  earco  arjfia 
fiopeiorepov.  Ph.  252-253  Androraedae  laevo  ex  humero,  si 
quaesere  perges,  adpositum  jioteris  supera  cognoscere  Piscim. 

D.  Infinitive. 

I.  Infinitive  as  Substantive. 

COINCIDENCES. 

There  are  45  exx. 

DIVERGENCES. 

Present  =  1.  Imperfect.  These  are  all  subjunctives  and  due 
to  sequence.  4  exx.  Tim.  42d — e  nape'Scotce — crco/jLara  TrXdrreiv, 
/ere.  Tim.  13  permisit  ut  corpora — -finger ent.  See  the  same 
passage  for  other  exx.  Diog.  Laert.  10,  148  virep  rov  /JLrjSev 
aloaviov  elvcu  Beivbv  fjbrjhe  nroXv^poviov.  Fin.  1,  68  ne  quod  aut 
sempiternum  aut  diuturuum  timcret  malum. 

II.  Infinitive  as  Imperative. 

COINCIDENCES. 

There  are  6  exx. 

III.    Infinitive  of  Result  (axrre)  or  Purpose. 

COINCIDENCES. 

2  exx.  only.  Ar.  Eh.  1,  2,  5  ware  helv,  De  Or.  116-117  ita 
cogitandum  est.  PI.  Rep.  563d  ware — a^avatcreiv  teal  fir) 
ave%ea6ai.     Rep.  1,  67  ut — irascentur  et  perferre  nequeant. 

DIVERGENCES. 

Present  —  Imperfect.  2  exx.  One  is  indicative  and  due  to 
the  contest.  Tim.  43b  oxrre  to  fiev  okov  KtvelaOai  ^wov.  Tim. 
13  ita  totum  animal  movebatur.  The  second  ex.  is  modal  and 
due  to  sequence.  Horn.  II.  9,  42  eirepure — BthaaKefievaL  rdSe 
iravra.     De  Or.  3,  57  comitem  esse  datum  ut  ilium  effweret,  etc. 


Moods  and   Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek.       51 
IV.   Infinitive  O.  O. 

COINCIDENCES. 

There  are  22  exx. 

DIVERGENCES. 

Present  =  1.  Perfect  infin.  2  exx.  Both  are  in  the  same 
passage,  and  due  to  the  Latin  idiom,  which  in  O.  O.  represents 
an  original  imperfect  in  O.  R.  by  a  perf.  infin.  Xen.  Oec.  4, 
20  KO/oo?  Xeyerac — aWa  re  (j)i\o<f>pov€i(r0ai.  Cato  59  comem 
atque  humanum  fuisse.  Ibid.  eiriheiKvvvai  avrbv  edrj,  ei — ostendis- 
se. 

E.    Participle. 

COINCIDENCES. 


There  are  126  exx. 


DIVERGENCES. 


Presents  1.  Future.  4  exx.  In  one  ex.,  the  fut.  ptc.  in 
translation  is  due  to  the  meaning  of  the  Greek  word.  Xen.  Cyr. 
8,  7,  21  tl  to)v  /jLeWovToov  irpoopa.  Cato  81  multa — -futura 
prospiciunt.  Another  ex.  is  perhaps  too  free  to  be  counted  ; 
see  p.  37.  Ph.  364-365  Knret^  8'  oinOev  \ocj)iV<;  iircfil^ 
cfropeovTcu,  et<?  ev  eXavvofxevoi.  Ph.  396  videbis  retro  ad  Pistricis 
terga  reverti.  The  exx.  remaining  are  due  to  a  conditional 
translation  :  Tim.  29d  e&crre — a7ro8e%o/-tei>ot;?  irpeiru  /xwSev  ^rjrelv. 
Tim.  2  ut  si  probabilia  dicentur,  nequid  ultra  requiratis.  Tim. 
42c — fJLrj Travo/jLevos — fjL€Ta(3o\ol.     Tim.  2  si  ne  turn  quidem 

finem — -faciet, — iactabitur. 

2.  Imperfect.  27  exx.  The  imperfects  indicative  are  due  to 
the  context ;  the  modal  imperfects  are  due  either  to  the  context 
or  to  sequence.  The  imperf.,  being  a  tense  of  continuance,  is  a 
natural  parallel  to  the  present.  Of  the  indicative  imperfs.  there 
are  7  exx.  Tim.  39a  icjxtivero  KaraXa/jb^dvovra  Kara\a/x^dp- 
eaOcu.  Tim.  9  cum  superabant,  superari  videbantur.  This  pas- 
sage furnishes  2  exx.     Tim.   36c  rrj   Trepiayofiepy  Kiprjcrec  irepi% 


52       Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's   Translations  from  the  Greek. 

avras  eXafte.  Tim.  7  motu  cuius  orbis — erat  —  et  ciebatur. 
Eur.  Thes.  frg.  392  Diud.  ifiaXXofJLvv,  <f>vyas —  TrpoariOeh — 
Oavdrovs  t'  acopovs  /cal  68ovs.  Tusc.  3,  29  commentabar  aut 
mortem — aut — fugam  aut — molem  meditabar.  Tim.  423  Savei- 
%6/jLevoi — %vveic6WG)v.  Tim.  13  mntuabantur  easque  inter  se 
copulabant.  Ibid.  43a  airepya^ofievot — iveBovv,  13  unum  efficie- 
bant — atque — inligabant.  Similarly  ibid.  36b,  7;  40d,  11.  Of 
the  modal  imperfs.,  the  following  may  be  ascribed  to  the  same 
cause.  In  the  case  of  the  modal  tenses,  however,  it  is  often 
impossible  to  discriminate  between  sequence  and  context.  Xen. 
Oec.  4,  21  Tavra  davfid^cov  elirev.  Cato  59  cum  admiraretur, 
— turn  eum  dixisse.  Tim.  36b  ^vveirXripovro,  Xeiircov — nopiov, 
Tim.  7  explebat,  cum  particulam — relinqueret.  PL  Rep.  329b-c 
ipcoTcofjieva)  v7ro  twos.  Cato  47  eum  ex  eo  quidam — quaereret. 
Tim.  40a  irpoo-eucdZcov — ev/cv/cXov  eiroLet.  Tim.  10  cumque  eum 
similem — efficere  vellet, — rotundavit.  Similarly  ibid.  39a,  9  : 
42a,  12;  Diog.  Laert.  10,  22,  Fin.  2.  One  imperf.  is  condi- 
tional [2  exx.].  PL  Rep.  330a  avrbs  'S.epfyio?  cov  bvopLaarbs 
eyevero  av,  ktL  Cato  80  nee  si  ego  Seriphius  essem,  etc.  The 
imperfects  remaining  may  be  set  down  to  sequence.     Tim.  36b 

to  fipaSvraTa  airibv airefyaivev.      Tim.    9   quod  esset  tardis- 

simum — id  fieret.  Ibid.  40b  ttjv  Se — fcparov/jievq) ;  10  dedit — 
alterum,  quod — pelleretur ;  34a,  icivno-iv  yap  aireveLfxev — ttjv — 
fidXio-ra  ovaav,  6  motum — dedit — qui — cieret  maxime  [2  exx.] . 
43b  irpoievai  ra9  ef — KLvrjae^  e%oz/,  13  movebatur  ut  sex  motibus 
veheretur.  Similarly  ibid.  30d,  4  ;  34b,  6  ;  42e,  13  ;  33b,  6 ; 
Diog.  Laert.  7,  125,  De  Or.  1,  83  ;  ibid,  10,  142;  Fin.  2,  21  ; 
ibid.  10,  22,  2,  96. 

3.  Perfect.  42  exx.  These  are  often  due,  especially  in  cases 
where  the  Latin  uses  a  ptc.  in  translation,  to  an  original  passive, 
which  is  maintained  in  translation,  or  to  the  change  from  active 
to  passive.  In  other  cases,  the  context  determines  the  tense  in 
translation,  and  the  changes  due  to  the  Latin  idiom  are  also  to  be 
noted. 

Exx.  of  change  from  active  to  passive  are  :  Ph.  617  a^orepov 


Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek.       53 

hvvovra — Orjev/jieOa.  Ph.  649  quern — exstinctum  atque — exortum 
vidimus.  Prog.  177  olhaivovaa  OaXaaaa,  Prog.  178  inflatum 
mare.  Ph.  367  oXiyrj  8'  iy/ceifievoi  aiyXy — elXiacrovTcu.  Ph. 
400  fusae  sparsaeque  videntur.  Ibid.  363  Seafiol — /ecmoWe?,  395 
vincla — caudarum  a  parte  locata  ;  580  /canovra  Bodorrjv — hex^at, 
608  depulsus  possidet  umbras.  Tim.  30c  tovtov  &  virdpyovTo^. 
Tim.  3  hoc  posito.  Similarly  Ph.  389,  Ph.  417  j  ibid.  243,  248- 
249  j  294,  302  ;  333,  357  ;  Tim.  37b,  Tim.  8 ;  ibid.  39a,  9  ; 
43a,  13;  28b,  2;  41d,  11;  42b,  12;  33d,  6;  40d,  11;  Diog. 
Laert.  7,  110,  Tusc.  5,  11. 

Sometimes  the  perf.  translation  is  due  to  the  fondness  of  the 
Roman  for  the  perf.  act.  ptc.  of  deponents.  2  exx.  Ph.  66  to 
8'  avr  iv  yovvaa-L  /cdfjLvov.  Ph.  68  genibus  quia  nixa  feratur. 
Ibid.  252  ola  Blcokcov,  259  uti  de  terra  elapsuJ  repente. 

Examples  of  the  translation  of  an  original  passive  are  PI.  Rp. 
562d  apxopevois — ojjlolovs.  Rep,  1/  67  privatorum  similes. 
Another  ex.  in  this  passage.  Tim.  30a  /avovfievov  7rX?7/x/ieXw?, 
Tim.  3  sed  immoderate  agitatum  et  fluitans.  PL  Legg.  958e 
epyov  iv  TrevO'  r/fjuepais  aTroreXovfievov.  Legg.  2,  68  altius  quam 
quod — quinque  diebus  absolverint.  PI.  Menex.  246e  iiriaT^fir] 
%cQpL%ofjLevr]  SiKaioo-vvr)^.  Off.  1,  63  scientia,  quae  est  remota  ab 
iustitia.  Similarly  Tim.  34b,  6;  ibid.  47a,  14;  Ph.  530,  Ph. 
550;  Diog.  Laert.  9,  2,  Tusc.  5,  105. 

The  context,  or  the  Latin  idiom,  affects  the  tense  in  the  follow- 
ing exx.  Diog.  Laert.  10,  18  t<ov  fyiXoaofyovvTcov.  Fin.  2, 
101  eorum,  qui — philosophati  sint.  PI.  Ap.  41a  fcarnydpovv — 
olofievoi  fiXdirretv.  Tusc.  1,  99  nee — habeo  quod  suscenseam, 
nisi  quod  mihi  nocere  se  crediderunt.  Ph.  332  a/i  rjeXiw  aviovra, 
— ^evhovrai.  Ph.  355  ubi  se — extulit,  hand  patitur.  Tim.  46b 
rod — Trvpbs — %v/jL7rayov<;  7 ty vofxivov.  Tim.  14  cum  ignis — se 
confudit  et  contulit.  Similarly  Ph.  590,  Ph.  616  ;  ibid.  634-635, 
666. 

4.  Future  perfect.  1  ex.  This  is  idiomatic.  PL  Phaedrus 
279a  Trpoiovavs.     Or.  41  cum  aetate  processerit. 


54      Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek. 

5.  Pluperfect  subj.  This  is  due  to  sequence.  1  ex.  Com. 
Gr.  Meineke  2,  458,  6  rols  a/cpoco/jievois.  Brut,  relinqueret — in 
animis  eorum,  a  quibus  esset  auditus. 

FUTURE  TENSE. 
A.    Infinitive ,    0.  0. 

COINCIDENCES. 

There  is  one  ex.  only. 

DIVERGENCES. 

Future  =  1.  Present.  2  exx.  Both  are  universal  presents, 
hence  they  may  serve  to  translate  a  future.  Tim.  30b  evpiaicev 
— kclWiov  ecreaOai  iror'  epyov.  Tim.  3  reperiebat  nihil  esse 
praestantius.  Ibid.  33d  rjyrjaaro  —  a\ieivov  ecrecrOai,  6  sic 
enim  ratus  est  ille,  ipsum  se  contentum  esse  nee  egere  altero. 

B.   Participle. 
I.   Ordinary  Participle. 

COINCIDENCES. 

One  ex.  only. 

II.    Participle  denoting  purpose. 

DIVERGENCES. 

Future  =  1.  Present.  2  exx. ;  one  participial,  the  other  sub- 
junctive, depending  of  course  on  sequence.  Tim.  34c  <»?  hecnroTiv 
teal  apgovaav  ap^ofievov  ^vvearrjaaro.  Tim.  7  eumque  ut 
dominum  atque  imperantem  oboedienti  praefecit  corpori.  PI.  Ap. 
42a  cbpa  awievai,  i/iol  uev  cnroOavovfAevo),  vpXv  Se  /StGxro/xeVot?. 
Tusc.  1,  99  tempus  est — abire,  me,  ut  moriar,  vos,  ut  vitam 
agatis. 

2.  Imperfect  subj.  due  to  sequence.  Tim.  43a  havei^ojxevoi 
fiopia  a??  airohoOncrofieva.  Tim.  13  particulas  quas  rursus  red- 
derent,  mutuabantur. 


Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek.       55 

AORIST  TENSE. 

A.    Subjunctive. 

I.    Imperative  and  Deliberative. 

DIVERGENCES. 

Aorist  =5  1.  Present  subj.  2  exx.  One  ex.  is  directly  impera- 
tive, the  other  characteristic.  Soph.  Trach.  1065  ical  jmt)  to — 
—  ovofjua  TrpeafievcrrjS  ifkeov.  Tusc.  2,  20  neve  occidentem  — 
superet  caritas.  Diog.  Laert.  10,  6  ov  yap  e%(0  tl  vorjaa>  rayadov. 
Tusc.  3,  41  non  habeo  quod  intellegam  bonum  illud. 

'2.  Imperfect  subj.  due  to  sequence.  1  ex.  Diog.  Laert.  10r 
142  ovk  av  ttot''  ecxojjLev  6  rt  fxefi^raifxeOa.  Fin.  2,  21  nihil 
haberemus  quod  reprehenderemus. 

3.    Future  indie.  2  exx.     See  pp.  11-12. 

II.   Subj.  with  av  [opt.  seq]. 

COINCIDENCES. 

There  are  12  exx. 

DIVERGENCES. 

Aorist  =  1.  Present.  6  exx.  Tim.  37b  orav — 6  rod  Oarepov 
/cvkXos  —  BtayyecXy.  Tim.  8  cum  —  orbis  —  omnia  —  denuntia-t. 
Ibid.  46c  orav  fjierairearj  ^vpurnyvvp^evov — $(«?,  14  cum  ea  inter 
se  non  cohaerescunt.  Horn.  II.  9,  646*-647  oiriror''  i/ceivcov 
fivrjcrofxai.  Tusc.  3,  18  cum — recordor.  Soph.  frg.  964  Dind. 
orav  8e  Baifiatv — ^aariy'  epeia-rj — iraXlvrpoirov.  Tusc.  3,  71  cum 
fortuna  mutata  impetum  convertat.  Ph.  345-346  6V  rjSw  vavrai 
eTncrrpeyjrcoo-L  Kopwvnv.  Ph.  375-376  sicuti — obvertunt  navem — 
nautae.  Ibid.  420  el — ice  Troirjacovrai,  440  omnia  caute  arma- 
menta  locans. 

2.  Future.  This  is  due  to  the  freedom  of  translation.  1  ex. 
Ph.  424  el — tee — ra  Be  Xdifyea  irdvra  rapd^rj,  vavriWovrai.  Ph. 
443  perfringet — malos  ut  res  nulla  possit  mulcere  procellas. 


56       Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek. 

3.  Future  perfect.  4  exx.  The  rule  for  iteration  governs 
here.  Tim.  42b  a>v  el  fiev  Kparrjcreiav,  ev  BUrj  fiLcbaoivro.  Tim. 
12  quas  qui  ratione  rexerit,  iuste  vixerit.  Ph.  420  ol  8*  el  fie'v 
zee  irCOcovrai  evaicn^a  arjfiatvoixrr}.  Ph.  440  Austrum,  quern  si 
prospiciens  vitaveris.  See  the  rest  of  the  passage  for  other  exx. 
PI.  Phaedo  115c  edvirep  ye  Xd/3r)re  /jue  /cal  fir)  etccfrvyoQ  v/jlcls. 
Tusc.  1,  103  si  me  adsequi  potueris  out  sicubi  nanctus  eris.  Xen. 
Cyr.  8,  7,  17  eireihav  rov  avQpoairivov  (3lov  reXevrrjaco.  Cato 
79  cum  a  vobis  discessero. 

4.  Pluperfect  subj.  4  exx.  In  3  cases  the  tense  is  due  to 
sequence;  in  the  4th,  to  the  Latin  idiom.  Xen.  Cyr.  8,  7,  19 
ov — eireiaQnv  orav  he  tovtov  cuTaWayr),  reOvw/cev.  Cato  80  per- 
suaderi  non  potuit,  animos, — cum  excessissent  ex  eis  emori.  Two 
other  exx.  are  in  the  same  passage.  Tim.  42a  oTrore  Br)  awp,acnv 
e^vrevOelev  ii;  avdytcr)?.  Tim.  12  cum  autem  animos  corporibus 
necessitate  insevuset. 

III.   Subjunctive  in  final  clauses. 

Xo  comparisons  on  the  score  of  tense  may  be  made  here,  since 
sequence  governs  entirely  in  the  Latin. 

B.    Optative. 
I.    Optative  of  wish  or  command. 

DIVERGENCES. 

Aorist  =  l.  Present  subj.  2  exx.  Solon,  frg.  21,  Schneide- 
win,  firjBe  uoi  aicXavo-Tos  Odvaros  /jloXol.  Tusc.  1,  117  mors 
mea  ne  careat  lacrimis.  The  translation  here  accounts  for  the 
change  in  tense.     See  the  same  passage  for  another  ex. 

II.    Potential  Optative. 

DIVERGENCES. 

Aorist  =  1 .  Present.  9  exx.  Eur.  Or.  3  ovBe  av/jufiopa — 77? 
ovk  av  apoi7y  actios  —  fyvais.     Tusc.  4,   63  nee  —  malum  quod 


Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek.       57 

non  natura  humana  patiendo  eeferat.  Ph.  573  tj/iktv  fiev  /cev  lSolo 
fierrjopov.  Ph.  599-600  dimidiam  retinet  —  Corona  partem. 
PI.  Ap.  41a  iirl  iroacp  av  Ti?  he^curo  av  v/jlcov.  Tusc.  1,  98 
quanti  tandem  aestimatis?  Soph.  frg.  964  rods  8'  av  /jLeyiarovs 
Kal  aocfrcorciTovs  <f>pevl  iolovoS  cSols  av.  Tusc.  3,  71  nee  vero 
tanta  praeditus  sapientia  quisquam  est.  The  forms  with  posse 
under  this  category  may  be  classed  separately.  Tim.  30c  ovSev 
av  yevocTo  /ca\6v.  Tim.  4  pulchrum  esse  nihil  potest.  Ibid.  31b 
ovSev  av  irore  oparov  jevotro.  Tim.  4  nihil — aspici  ac  videri 
potest.  Ph.  529—531  ov  /cev  —  ctvrjp — KoWr^a-airo  —  rpo^aXeia. 
Ph.  548-550  ut  nemo — tonare — possiet  orbis.  Similarly  Ph, 
456-457,  Ph.  471-472;  Horn.  II.  19,  227,  Tusc.  3,  65. 

2.  Future.  8  exx.  Ph.  288  ovre  /cev  r/ol  7rB\Xrjv  ireipfyeias. 
Ph.  297  nam  non  longinquum  spatium  latere  diurnum.  Ibid. 
290  ovt'  av  rot  vv/cto? — iyyvOev  ^w?  e\6oi,  299-300  umida  non 
sese  vestris  Aurora  querellis  ocius  ostendet;  451-452  ravrd  ice 
Onrjaaio  irapepxo^evayv  eveavrebv,  467  haec  sunt,  quae — signa — 
cernes.  Horn.  II.  9,  363  rjfiaTi  tee  Tpirdrq)  Qdlnv  ipi/3co\ov 
IfcoLfAvv.  Div.  2,  63  tertia  te  Phthiae  tempestas  laeta  locabit. 
Similarly  Ph.  562-563,  Ph.  594-595  j  ibid.  463-464,  484;  542, 
561 ;  PL  Phaedrus  279a,  Or.  41. 

3.  Imperfect  subj.  due  to  sequence.  1  ex.  Tim.  33a  ov% 
irrroXeXecfifievcov  ig  wv  dXKo  tolovtov  yevocT'  av.  Tim.  5  nulla 
parte  unde  alter  gigneretur  relicta. 

III.   Optative  with  el  and  allied  constructions. 

COINCIDENCES. 

There  is  one  example. 

DIVERGENCES. 

Aorist  =  1.  Present.  1  ex.  PI.  Phaedrus  279a  el — Scevey/cot 
rcov  ayfrafMevayv.     Or.  41  si — praestet — omnibus. 

2.  Imperfect  subj.  due  to  freedom  of  translation.  PI.  Op. 
41b  oiroTe  ivTi>xoLfiL    Tusc.  1,  98  eum — eonvenirem. 


58       Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek. 

C.  Imperative. 

DIVERGENCES. 

Aorist  =  1.  Present  indie.  22  xx.  Horn.  Od.  12,  185  vrja 
KardaTrjarov.  Fin.  5,  49  quin  puppim  flectis.  Xen.  Cyr.  8,  7, 
21   ivvor)<raT€.     Cato  80  videtis. 

D,  Infinitive. 

I.  Substantive  Infinitive. 

COINCIDENCES. 

1  ex.,  formal  only ;  Tim.  40d  elirelv  zeal  yvcovai — fjbel&v  rj,  /cri. 
Tim.  11  et  nosse  et  enuntiare — maius  est. 

DIVERGENCES. 

Aorist  =  1.  Present.  13  exx.  See  ex.  above.  Also  Tim. 
28c  evpeiv  re  epyov.  Tim.  2  invenire  difficile  est.  2  exx.  Ibid. 
28a  ahvvarov  0"%eti/,  2  nullius — rei — reperiri  origo  potest.  Such 
a  translation  is  perfectly  regular,  and  exx.  need  not  be  multiplied. 
Tim.  30d,  Tim.  4 ;  ibid.  42e,  13  ;  39d,  9  ;  Ph.  696-697,  Ph. 
730;  ibid.  657-658,  699;  460-461,  478;  Hes.  Op.  349,  Brut. 
16.  Of  non-infinitives  we  have  PI.  Phaedrus  245e  crrrjvat  ical 
lirjiroTe  avOis  >ixeiV-  Tusc.  1,  54  vel  concidat  omne  caelum 
omnisque  natura  consistat  necesse  est.  PI.  Ap.  41a  o-vyyeveadai — 
€7rl  7roVa)  civ  Ti$  SefatT*  civ;  Tusc.  1,  98  ut — conloqui  liceaty 
quanti  tandem  aestimatis  ? 

2.  Imperfect  subjunctive,  due  to  sequence,  2  exx.  References 
only  need  be  given  :  Tim.  41e,  Tim.  12  ;  ibid.  46e,  14. 

II.  Infinitive  with  irplv. 

COINCIDENCES. 

1  ex.,  and  that  doubtful:  Horn.  Od.  12,  187  Trplv — 6V 
aKovacu.     Fin.  5,  49  quin — astiterit. 


Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's   Translations  from  the  Greek.       59 
III.    Infinitive  of  result  [ware]. 

DIVERGENCES. 

Aorist  =  1.     Present  subj.,  primary  sequence.    Tim.  32c  ware 
— akvTov — yeveadat.     Tim.  5  ut  dissolvi  nullo  modo  queat. 

IV.    Infinitive  O.  O. 

COINCIDENCES. 

There  are  3  exx. 

DIVERGENCES. 

Aorist  =  Present.       1     ex.       Ph.    325     fir)  —  aWa    ire7roi0OL 
OyrjaracrOcu.     Ph.  347  speret — cognoscere — posse. 

E.    Participle. 

COINCIDENCES. 


There  are  63  exx. 


DIVERGENCES. 


Aorist  —  1 .  Present.  1 6  exx.  The  present  in  the  participial 
translation  is  due  to  the  scanty  equipment  of  the  Latin  in  this 
direction.  Tim.  36b  fieanv  77770?  fiea-rjv —  Trpoaftakwv  /care- 
Kafi^ev.  Tim.  7  mediaeque  accommodans  mediam  quasi  decus- 
savit.      Ibid.   29c  ttoW&v  enrovrtov,  3    disserentes ;  46c  iiroirjcre 

—  airSiaav,  14  quae  conveniens  —  reddit.  Soph.  Trach.  1053 
irpoafiaxOev — ftefipcoKe.  Tusc.  2,  20  inhaerens — laceret.  Simi- 
larly  Tim.  36e,  Fin.  8;  ibid.  46e,  14;  34b,  6  :  Ph.  474,  Ph. 
489  ;  Prog.  223,  Prog.  225 ;  Xen.  Oec.  4,  23,  Cato  59.  In 
other  exx.  the  context  may  be  said  to  determine  the  tense.  Tim. 
41a  a  6V  ifjiov  yevofieva  a\vra.  Tim.  11  quorum  operum  ego 
parens   effectosque    sum,  haec    sunt  indissoluta.     Ibid.  32c  coare 

—  %vvek6bv  clXvtov  —  yeveaOai,  5  ex  quo — ita  cohaeret  ut,  etc.; 
34a,   ireptayaycov —  iwoirjo-e  —  /uveiaOai,  6  ipse  torquetur  et  verti- 


60       Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's   Translations  from  the  Greek. 

tur.     Soph.  Trach,  1076  irpocreXOoov  arrj6c.     Tusc.  2,  21  accede, 

nate,  adsiste.     Horn.  II.    19,   229    KaTaOdirreiv hcucpvaavres. 

Tusc.  3,  65  tumulis  mandare  et  luctum — -finire.  PL  Phaedrus 
245e  av/jLTreaovarav  o-rr^vat.  Tusc.  1,  54  vel  concidat — omnisque 
natura  consistat. 

2.  Imperfect.  7  exx.  4  are  due  to  the  coordination  of  parti- 
ciple with  finite  verb  in  translation.  Tim.  30a  rjyayev — 
7)fyr)<Tcinevo<;,  Tim.  3  adduxit ;  hoc  enim  iudicabat.  Ibid.  32a 
direpyaardiievos — avveh-nae,  5  compararetet — coniungeret  [2  exx.]; 
42e  airep<yaaafi€vov^  ap%€Lv,  13  perpolirent  et  absolvererd,  deinde 
ut — principes — praeberent.  Two  of  the  impfs.  remaining  are 
due  to  sequence.  Tim.  36b  /careKapbyfrev — fi/j/etyra?,  Tim.  7  intor- 
sit — ut  iungerentur  ;  ibid.  32b  ^vvearrjo-ev — fiepos  ovSh — v7ro- 
Xittwv,  5  conlocatae  sunt — ut  nulla  pars — excederet.  The  impf. 
in  one  more  ex.  may  be  ascribed  to  the  Latin  idiom.  Tim.  30d 
6  0€o? — fiovXyOeh — ^vvea-rrjae,  Tim.  4  cum  deus — efficere  vellet, — 
effecit. 

3.  Future  perfect.  8  exx.  The  first  6  are  all  in  one  passage, 
and  are  due  to  iterative  principles.  Tim.  42b  6  fxev — fiioik — 
efot.  Tim.  12  qui — confecerit — revertetur.  See  the  rest  of  the 
passage.  The  exx.  remaining  are  idiomatic.  Tim.  28c  ical 
evpovra — Xeyeiv.  Tim.  2  cum — inveneris — indicare — nefas.  PL 
Ap.  41a  cnraXXayeis — evprjaei.  Tusc.  1,  98  tene,  cum — eraser  is, 
— venire. 

4.  Pluperfect.  13  exx.  1  ex.  is  due  to  sequence.  Xen.  Oec. 
4,  21  tov  /caTafierpijaavTos  <tol  kcl\  huard^avTo^.  Cato  59  dixisse 
mirari  se — sollertiam  eius  a  quo  essent  ilia  dimensa  atque  descriptor. 
Another  ex.  has  the  ptc.  as  the  protasis  of  an  unreal  condition. 
Tim.  47a  ovSels  dv  ttote  ipprjOrj — pLrjre — Ihovrwv.     Tim.  14  baud 


sset  inventa,  si  neque — sub  aspectum  cadere  potuissent.  The 
exx.  remaining  are  due  to  the  Latin  idiom  in  temporal  clauses. 
Eur.  Cresp.  frg.  452  Dind.  rbv  <f>vvra  Opnvelv.  Tusc.  1,  115 
decebat — domum  lugere,  ubi  esset  aliquis  in  lucem  editus.  Sext. 
Emp.  adv.  Math.  2,  7,  avarpeyfra^  rrjv  %€lpa  /cal  irdXiv  i^arrXwaa^. 


Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's  Translations  from  the  Greek.       61 

Or.  113  nam  cum  compresserat  digitosque  pugnu mque  fecerat — 
cum  autem  diduxerat  et  manum  dilataverat.  Tim.  30a  \oyiadfie- 
vos — ovv  evpia/cev.  Tim.  3  cum  rationem — habuisset,  reperiebat. 
Ibid.  35a  Xaftcov — arvveicepdaaTo,  7  cum — sumpsisset — temperavit; 
35b  7roLr)(rdfjLevo<;  ev — Bie'veifiev.  Tim.  7  cum — effecisset  unum, 
partitus  est,  Similarly  Tim.  30a,  Tim.  3  ;  ibid.  36d,  7  ;  42d, 
13;  42e,  13  [2  exx.]. 

PERFECT   TENSE. 
A.    Imperative. 

COINCIDENCE. 

The  single  ex.  is  worth  noting.  Tim.  28b  tov6'  rjfiiv 
wvofjudaOco,  Tim.  2  hoc  a  nobis  nuneupatus  sit.  This  construc- 
tion is  rare  in  Latin,  and  is  here  clearly  due  to  the  influence  of 
the  Greek. 

DIVERGENCES. 

Perfect  =  1.  Present  indie.  1  ex.  Tim.  46e  ra  fiev  — 
&/JLfi€TcuTLa — elprjadco.     Tim.  14  ac  de  causis — esse  dictum  puto. 

B.    Infinitive. 

COINCIDENCES. 

There  is  one  ex. 

DIVERGENCES. 

Perfect  =  1.  Present.  1  ex.  PL  Ap.  41a  i0e\co  redvdveu. 
Tusc.  1,  98  emori — vellem. 

2.  Future  indie.  1  ex.  Due  to  the  difference  in  vocabulary. 
PL  Men  ex.  248a  ha  to — ireiroiQivai.  Tusc.  5,  3G  quod — in  se 
— spem  reponet. 

3.  Pluperfect.  1  ex.  due  to  the  Latin  idiom.  Tim.  39e  t& 
/jLr)7rco — irepLeikrj^vai.  Tim.  10  quia  nondum — intus  induserat, 
— deficiebat — similitudo. 


62       Moods  and  Tenses  in  Cicero's   Translations  from  the  Greek. 


There  are  36  exx. 


C.    Participle. 

COINCIDENCES. 
DIVERGENCES. 


Perfect  =  1.  Present.  21  exx.  When  the  translation  is 
participial,  the  use  of  the  present  in  the  active  is  obligatory  on 
account  of  the  limitations  of  the  Latin.  Practically  all  such  are 
in  poetry.  13  exx.  Horn.  II.  7,  89  err} pa  -reOvn tiros.  Gl.  1.  ii 
lumina  linquens.  Here  Cicero  had  to  give  up  a  chance  to  use  a 
perf.  act.  ptc.,  in  order  to  fill  out  his  line.  Tim.  40b  a/civnrov 
zeal  i(TT(k.  Tim.  10  immobilem  et  stantem.  Horn.  II.  2,  320 
ecTTaoVe?  Oav/jLa^ofiev.  Div.  2,  64  stantes — vidimus.  Ph.  328  ov 
fiev  irdvra  irefyaa yxeVo? .  Ph.  351  nee — toto  spirans  de  corpore 
flammam.  Ibid.  632  rerpafifievov — Bvvei,  664  mergens  coudit, 
Soph.  Trach.  1073  ISelv  8e$pa/c6ra.  Tusc.  2,  21  quem  vidit — 
ingemescentem.  Similarly  Ph.  564,  Ph.  590;  ibid.  413,  436; 
387,  413;  588,  615;  516,  535;  358,  388;  Tim.  39c,  Tim.  9. 
Sometimes  the  Greek  ptc.  is  equivalent  to  a  present.  There  are 
2  exx.,  both  very  free.  Ph.  318  Bvo  irap  hvo  ireirrnciiTa.  Ph. 
335  quas  intervallum  binas  disterminat  unum.  Ibid.  369 
elXiaaovrat,  7re7TT?;ft>Te?,  401-402  quas  contegit  omnis  Lepus.  The 
translation  in  2  more  exx.  is  passive.  Tim.  28b  to  yeyovos. 
Tim.  2  quae  gignitur  ;  ibid.  33b  cr^rj/^a  to  TrepieCknfyos,  6  forma 
qua — concluduntur.  Perfects  denoting  maintenance  of  result  have 
present  translation.  PI.  Phaedrus  245e  aOavaTov  7recf>aa \ievov •. 
Tusc.  1,  54  cum  pateat  —  aeternum  esse.  Tim.  38d  tovs  — 
elX7jx0Ta^'  Tim.  9  habent.  Ph.  83  eVojO^pw? — iTndXifiei,.  Ph. 
Ph.  91  vestigia  ponit  atque  urguet. 

2.  Future.  1  ex.  This  is  due  to  the  conditional  construction 
in  the  Latin.  Ph.  559  ov  icev  cnrofiXnTov  SeSo/cn/JLevw — eln.  Ph. 
587  si  aves — cognoscere. 

3.  Pluperfect.  1  ex.  This  is  due  to  sequence.  Eur.  frg. 
452  Dind.  top  kcli  Treiravfievov.  Tusc.  1,  115  decebat  —  qui 
labores  morte  finisset — exsequi. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  NOTICE. 


The  author  of  this  dissertation  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Decem- 
ber 15,  1877.  He  received  the  degree  of  A.  B.  from  the  Johns 
Hopkins  University  in  June,  1904,  and  Ph.  D.,  in  June,  1907. 
Since  September,  1907,  he  has  been  Professor  of  Latin  in 
Marshall  College,  Huntington,  West  Virginia.  To  all  his 
instructors  at  the  University  he  desires  to  express  his  sense  of 
lasting  obligation ;  especially  to  Dr.  B.  L.  Gildersleeve,  at  whose 
suggestion  this  work  was  undertaken. 


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